{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T05:08:03Z","timestamp":1781845683305,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41950410576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41950410576"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmosphere"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbes are widespread and have been much more studied in recent years. In this review, we describe detailed information on airborne microbes that commonly originate from soil and water through liquid\u2013air and soil\u2013air interface. The common bacteria and fungi in the atmosphere are the phyla of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Rozellomycota that include most pathogens leading to several health problems. In addition, the stability of microbial community structure in bioaerosols could be affected by many factors and some special weather conditions like dust events even can transport foreign pathogens to other regions, affecting human health. Such environments are common for a particular place and affect the nature and interaction of airborne microbes with them. For instance, meteorological factors, haze and foggy days greatly influence the concentration and abundance of airborne microbes. However, as microorganisms in the atmosphere are attached on particulate matters (PM), the high concentration of chemical pollutants in PM tends to restrain the growth of microbes, especially gathering atmospheric pollutants in heavy haze days. Moreover, moderate haze concentration and\/or common chemical components could provide suitable microenvironments and nutrition for airborne microorganism survival. In summary, the study reviews much information and characteristics of airborne microbes for further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11090919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T10:23:08Z","timestamp":1598610188000},"page":"919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["A Review on Airborne Microbes: The Characteristics of Sources, Pathogenicity and Geography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xueyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepika","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varenyam","family":"Achal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, China"},{"name":"Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1106335","article-title":"Abundance of cellular material and proteins in the atmosphere","volume":"308","author":"Jaenicke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.03.005","article-title":"Acne and Propionibacterium acnes","volume":"22","author":"Bojar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072678","article-title":"Aerial dispersal of pathogens on the global and continental scales and its impact on plant disease","volume":"297","author":"Brown","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.07.004","article-title":"A short overview of the microbial population in clouds: Potential roles in atmospheric chemistry and nucleation processes","volume":"98","author":"Delort","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02967-13","article-title":"Measurement of ice nucleation-active bacteria on plants and in precipitation by quantitative PCR","volume":"80","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.11.145","article-title":"Bacterial characterization in ambient submicron particles during severe haze episodes at Ji\u2019nan, China","volume":"580","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1789","article-title":"An increasing threat in hospitals: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"5","author":"Dijkshoorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-018-0075-4","article-title":"Embracing microbes in exposure science","volume":"29","author":"Nazaroff","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"515","article-title":"Fungal and actinomycete spores as pollutants of the workplace and occupational allergens","volume":"32","author":"Lacey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16014","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4793-z","article-title":"Assessment of bioaerosol contamination (bacteria and fungi) in the largest urban wastewater treatment plant in the Middle East","volume":"22","author":"Niazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.010","article-title":"Bioaerosol releases from compost facilities: Evaluating passive and active source terms at a green waste facility for improved risk assessments","volume":"40","author":"Taha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.5.1994-2000.2000","article-title":"Fecal shedding of Campylobacter andArcobacter spp. in dairy cattle","volume":"66","author":"Wesley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-013-0276-2","article-title":"Bacterial Diversity of Surface Sand Samples from the Gobi and Taklamaken Deserts","volume":"66","author":"An","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-015-0367-y","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial species compositions in sand dunes and dust aerosol in an Asian dust source area, the Taklimakan Desert","volume":"9","author":"Puspitasari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.03.003","article-title":"Spatial, Temporal, and Phylogenetic Scales of Microbial Ecology","volume":"27","author":"Ladau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.128","article-title":"Airborne bacteria and persistent organic pollutants associated with an intense Saharan dust event in the Central Mediterranean","volume":"645","author":"Federici","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1021\/es4048472","article-title":"Inhalable microorganisms in Beijing\u2019s PM2.5 and PM10 pollutants during a severe smog event","volume":"48","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"3144","article-title":"Concentration and Particle Size Distribution of Microbiological Aerosol During Haze Days in Beijing","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Huan Jing Ke Xue"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elster, J., D, R.J., Petit, J.-R., and Reh\u00e1kov\u00e1, K. (2007). Composition of microbial communities in aerosol, snow and ice samples from remote glaciated areas (Antarctica, Alps, Andes). Biogeosciences Discuss. Eur. Geosci. Union.","DOI":"10.5194\/bgd-4-1779-2007"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608255104","article-title":"Urban aerosols harbor diverse and dynamic bacterial populations","volume":"104","author":"Brodie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2004.10.012","article-title":"The sea surface microlayer as a source of viral and bacterial enrichment in marine aerosols","volume":"36","author":"Aller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00207-3","article-title":"Aerial dispersal and survival of sewage-derived faecal coliforms in Antarctica","volume":"37","author":"Hughes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-009-9438-3","article-title":"Diversity of bacteria and fungi in aerosols during screening in a green waste composting plant","volume":"59","author":"Wery","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Toril, E., Robert, A.R., Delmas, J., Petit, J., Komarek, J., and Elster, J. (2009). Bacterial diversity of autotrophic enriched cultures from remote, glacial Antarctic, Alpine and Andean aerosol, snow and soil samples. Biogeosciences Eur. Geosci. Union.","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-6-33-2009"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04427.x","article-title":"The microbial signature of aerosols produced during the thermophilic phase of composting","volume":"108","author":"Bacheley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2016.02.0087","article-title":"Airborne Bacterial Communities of PM2.5 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Megalopolis, China as Revealed By Illumina MiSeq Sequencing: A Case Study","volume":"17","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerosol. Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02461-0","article-title":"Sphingomonas aurantiaca sp nov., Sphingomonas aerolata sp nov and Sphingomonas faeni sp nov., air- and dustborne and Antarctic, orange-pigmented, psychrotolerant bacteria, and emended description of the genus Sphingomonas","volume":"53","author":"Busse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2011.01289.x","article-title":"Microbial diversity of eolian dust sources from saline lake sediments and biological soil crusts in arid Southern Australia","volume":"80","author":"Abed","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Deckker, P., Abed, R.M.M., de Beer, D., Hinrichs, K.-U., O\u2019Loingsigh, T., Schefu\u00df, E., Stuut, J.-B.W., Tapper, N.J., and van der Kaars, S. (2008). Geochemical and microbiological fingerprinting of airborne dust that fell in Canberra, Australia, in October 2002. Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems, 9.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GC002091"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4097","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-012-0885-1","article-title":"Microbial structure and chemical components of aerosols caused by rotating brushes in a wastewater treatment plant","volume":"19","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2011.107","article-title":"Defining seasonal marine microbial community dynamics","volume":"6","author":"Gilbert","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1126\/science.329413","article-title":"Water-to-air transfer of virus","volume":"197","author":"Baylor","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12229","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812826115","article-title":"A long-term survey unveils strong seasonal patterns in the airborne microbiome coupled to general and regional atmospheric circulations","volume":"115","author":"Caliz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.03.018","article-title":"Variability of airborne bacteria in an urban Mediterranean area (Thessaloniki, Greece)","volume":"157","author":"Genitsaris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1485","article-title":"Classification of clouds sampled at the puy de D\u00f4me (France) from 10 yr monitoring: Mean features of their physico-chemical properties","volume":"13","author":"Deguillaume","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.217","article-title":"Microbiome composition of airborne particulate matter from livestock farms and their effect on innate immune receptors and cells","volume":"688","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12047","article-title":"Indoor airborne bacterial communities are influenced by ventilation, occupancy, and outdoor air source","volume":"24","author":"Meadow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prussin, A.J., Vikram, A., Bibby, K.J., and Marr, L.C. (2016). Seasonal Dynamics of the Airborne Bacterial Community and Selected Viruses in a Children\u2019s Daycare Center. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151004"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karlsson, E., Johansson, A.M., Ahlinder, J., Lundkvist, M.J., Singh, N.J., Brodin, T., Forsman, M., and Stenberg, P. (2020). Airborne microbial biodiversity and seasonality in Northern and Southern Sweden. PeerJ, 8.","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8424"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00331-13","article-title":"Culture-independent analysis of aerosol microbiology in a metropolitan subway system","volume":"79","author":"Robertson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"156","article-title":"Fatal sepsis by Bacillus circulans in an immunocompromised patient","volume":"3","author":"Alebouyeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.38.7.838","article-title":"Isolation of Bacillus circulans from a wound infection","volume":"38","author":"Logan","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.02.006","article-title":"Microorganisms associated particulate matter: A preliminary study","volume":"479","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2004.08.019","article-title":"Characterisation and expression of phospholipases B from the opportunistic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"239","author":"Shen","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.02.004","article-title":"Airborne fungi in low and high allergic prevalence child care centers","volume":"43","author":"Zuraimi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.07.097","article-title":"Seasonal variation characteristic of inhalable microbial communities in PM2.5 in Beijing city, China","volume":"610","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, D., Zhang, T., Su, J., Zhao, L.-L., Wang, H., Fang, X.-M., Zhang, Y.-Q., Liu, H.-Y., Yu, L.-Y., and Schaffner, D.W. (2018). Structural Variation in the Bacterial Community Associated with Airborne Particulate Matter in Beijing, China, during Hazy and Nonhazy Days. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 84.","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00004-18"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., Ichijo, T., Nasu, M., and Yamaguchi, N. (2016). Investigation of bacterial effects of Asian dust events through comparison with seasonal variability in outdoor airborne bacterial community. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35706"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME09166","article-title":"Similarity of bacterial community structure between Asian dust and its sources determined by rRNA gene-targeted approaches","volume":"25","author":"Nishimura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cha, S., Lee, D., Jang, J.H., Lim, S., Yang, D., and Seo, T. (2016). Alterations in the airborne bacterial community during Asian dust events occurring between February and March 2015 in South Korea. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37271"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2017.01.007","article-title":"Concentrations and size distributions of viable bioaerosols under various weather conditions in a typical semi-arid city of Northwest China","volume":"106","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Yao, Z.X.M. (2013). Monitoring of bioaerosol inhalation risks in different environments using a six-stage Andersen sampler and the PCR-DGGE method. Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3675-0","article-title":"Concentration and size distribution of viable bioaerosols during non-haze and haze days in Beijing","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.10.001","article-title":"Concentration and size distribution of total airborne microbes in hazy and foggy weather","volume":"541","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820802068657","article-title":"Concentration and Size Distribution of Culturable Airborne Microorganisms in Outdoor Environments in Beijing, China","volume":"42","author":"Fang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aerosol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.06.001","article-title":"Concentration and size distribution of bioaerosols in an outdoor environment in the Qingdao coastal region","volume":"409","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10453-010-9181-z","article-title":"Diversity of airborne bacteria in samples collected using different devices for aerosol collection","volume":"27","author":"Fahlgren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.268","article-title":"Comparison of chemical composition and airborne bacterial community structure in PM2.5 during haze and non-haze days in the winter in Guilin, China","volume":"655","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2017.11.001","article-title":"Characteristics of total airborne microbes at various air quality levels","volume":"116","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.11.108","article-title":"PM(2).(5)-bound oxygenated PAHs, nitro-PAHs and parent-PAHs from the atmosphere of a Chinese megacity: Seasonal variation, sources and cancer risk assessment","volume":"473","author":"Bandowe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.04.033","article-title":"Variations in PM2.5, TSP, BC, and trace gases (NO2, SO2, and O3) between haze and non-haze episodes in winter over Xi\u2019an, China","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.01.137","article-title":"Ambient bioaerosol particle dynamics observed during haze and sunny days in Beijing","volume":"550","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.30","article-title":"Particle-size distributions and seasonal diversity of allergenic and pathogenic fungi in outdoor air","volume":"6","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2007.05.005","article-title":"Managing the potential public health risks from bioaerosol liberation at commercial composting sites in the UK: An analysis of the evidence base","volume":"52","author":"Sykes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7173","DOI":"10.1021\/es201045e","article-title":"Pathogenic bacteria in sewage treatment plants as revealed by 454 pyrosequencing","volume":"45","author":"Ye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.11.137","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes: Infection beyond the skin","volume":"9","author":"Perry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12125","article-title":"Acinetobacter baumannii: Evolution of a global pathogen","volume":"71","author":"Antunes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90346-Y","article-title":"Major trends in the microbial etiology of nosocomial infection","volume":"91","author":"Schaberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02399.x","article-title":"Development of a multiplex PCR for the identification of Staphylococcus genus and four staphylococcal species isolated from food","volume":"97","author":"Talon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01046.x","article-title":"Effects of compost addition and simulated solarisation on the fate of Ralstonia solanacearum biovar 2 and indigenous bacteria in soil","volume":"43","author":"Gelsomino","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"667","article-title":"Influence of seasonality, air mass origin and particulate matter chemical composition on airborne bacterial community structure in the Po Valley, Italy","volume":"593","author":"Innocente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.05.004","article-title":"Recommendations for study design and sampling strategies for airborne microorganisms, MVOC and odours in the surrounding of composting facilities","volume":"211","author":"Albrecht","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir865","article-title":"Pathogenesis of mucormycosis","volume":"54","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.03.027","article-title":"Microbial diversity in bioaerosol samples causing ODTS compared to reference bioaerosol samples as measured using Illumina sequencing and MALDI-TOF","volume":"140","author":"Madsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Envuiron. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1710-1492-10-10","article-title":"Lung inflammation by fungus, Bjerkandera adusta isolated from Asian sand dust (ASD) aerosol and enhancement of ovalbumin-induced lung eosinophilia by ASD and the fungus in mice","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02452-0","article-title":"Bacillus decolorationis sp. nov., isolated from biodeteriorated parts of the mural paintings at the Servilia tomb (Roman necropolis of Carmona, Spain) and the Saint-Catherine chapel (Castle Herberstein, Austria)","volume":"53","author":"Heyrman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"187","article-title":"Bioaerosol health effects and exposure assessment: Progress and prospects","volume":"47","author":"Douwes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.5.336","article-title":"Effects of bioaerosol polluted outdoor air on airways of residents: A cross sectional study","volume":"60","author":"Herr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201701-0021OC","article-title":"Air pollution from livestock farms is associated with airway obstruction in neighboring residents","volume":"196","author":"Yzermans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000143","article-title":"Farm animal models of organic dust exposure and toxicity: Insights and implications for respiratory health","volume":"15","author":"McClendon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000259966.62137.84","article-title":"Environmental exposure to confined animal feeding operations and respiratory health of neighboring residents","volume":"18","author":"Radon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2009.07.011","article-title":"Airborne particulate matter from livestock production systems: A review of an air pollution problem","volume":"158","author":"Aarnink","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"776","article-title":"Organic dust toxic syndrome at a grass seed plant caused by exposure to high concentrations of bioaerosols","volume":"56","author":"Madsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo521","article-title":"In situ detection of biological particles in cloud ice-crystals","volume":"2","author":"Pratt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1191056","article-title":"Rainforest aerosols as biogenic nuclei of clouds and precipitation in the Amazon","volume":"329","author":"Poschl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"854","article-title":"Environment and climate effect of bioaerosol: A review","volume":"15","author":"Qi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-5-1073-2008","article-title":"Microbiology and atmospheric processes: Chemical interactions of primary biological aerosols","volume":"5","author":"Deguillaume","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00f6hler, O., de Mott, P.J., Vali, G., and Levin, Z. (2007). Microbiology and atmospheric processes: The role of biological particles in cloud physics. Biogeosciences, 4.","DOI":"10.5194\/bgd-4-2559-2007"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Despr\u00e9s, V., Huffman, J.A., Burrows, S.M., Hoose, C., Safatov, A., Buryak, G., Fr\u00f6hlich-Nowoisky, J., Elbert, W., Andreae, M., and P\u00f6schl, U. (Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol., 2012). Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: A review, Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol.","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v64i0.15598"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6519","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs35200a","article-title":"Ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets","volume":"41","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Re.v"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"87","article-title":"Ice nucleation active bacteria and their potential role in precipitation","volume":"121","author":"Morris","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-12-1057-2015","article-title":"Ice nucleation activity in the widespread soil fungus Mortierella alpina","volume":"12","author":"Hill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.172.6.3519-3523.1990","article-title":"Characterization of biological ice nuclei from a lichen","volume":"172","author":"Kieft","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.9.2960-2964.1992","article-title":"Ice nucleation activity in Fusarium acuminatum and Fusarium avenaceum","volume":"58","author":"Pouleur","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Envieon. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-2541-2012","article-title":"Suspendable macromolecules are responsible for ice nucleation activity of birch and conifer pollen","volume":"12","author":"Pummer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.12.008","article-title":"Variation of correlations between factors and culturable airborne bacteria and fungi","volume":"128","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.10.031","article-title":"The concentrations of culturable microorganisms in relation to particulate matter in urban air","volume":"65","author":"Haas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S961","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(00)90971-6","article-title":"Field study on changes in viability of airborne fungal propagules exposed to solar radiation","volume":"31","author":"Ulevicius","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.07.009","article-title":"Survival of microbial isolates from clouds toward simulated atmospheric stress factors","volume":"117","author":"Joly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.11.064","article-title":"Comparison of culturable airborne bacteria and related environmental factors at underground subway stations between 2006 and 2013","volume":"84","author":"Hwang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.06.034","article-title":"Characteristics and determinants of ambient fungal spores in Hualien, Taiwan","volume":"39","author":"Ho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2013.08.013","article-title":"Rapid detection and quantification of fungal spores in the urban atmosphere by flow cytometry","volume":"66","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.01.005","article-title":"Seasonal variability in airborne bacterial communities at a high-elevation site","volume":"50","author":"Bowers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/00173139309436418","article-title":"Relationship between airborne fungal spore presence and weather variables: Cladosporium and Alternaria","volume":"32","author":"Hjelmroos","year":"1993","journal-title":"Grana"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.08.052","article-title":"Vertical distribution of airborne bacterial communities in an Asian-dust downwind area, Noto Peninsula","volume":"119","author":"Maki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-016-0430-3","article-title":"Variations in the structure of airborne bacterial communities in Tsogt-Ovoo of Gobi desert area during dust events","volume":"10","author":"Maki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos Health"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00152","article-title":"Association of Kawasaki disease with tropospheric wind patterns","volume":"1","author":"Rodo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.010876-0","article-title":"Deinococcus aetherius sp nov., isolated from the stratosphere","volume":"60","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10453-007-9078-7","article-title":"Non-spore forming eubacteria isolated at an altitude of 20,000 m in Earth\u2019s atmosphere: Extended incubation periods needed for culture-based assays","volume":"24","author":"Griffin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.11.002","article-title":"Survival of microbes in Earth\u2019s stratosphere","volume":"43","author":"DasSarma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elstat.2008.04.014","article-title":"Uplift of microorganisms by electric fields above thunderstorms","volume":"66","author":"Dehel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Electrost."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/027868202753571304","article-title":"Induction Charging and Electrostatic Classification of Micrometer-Size Particles for Investigating the Electrobiological Properties of Airborne Microorganisms","volume":"36","author":"Mainelis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aerosol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2014.07.001","article-title":"Concentration of environmental fungal and bacterial bioaerosols during the monsoon season","volume":"77","author":"Heo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.07.052","article-title":"Airborne culturable fungi in naturally ventilated primary school environments in a subtropical climate","volume":"106","author":"Salonen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.08.004","article-title":"Seasonal size distribution of airborne culturable bacteria and fungi and preliminary estimation of their deposition in human lungs during non-haze and haze days","volume":"118","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.01.011","article-title":"Culturability and concentration of indoor and outdoor airborne fungi in six single-family homes","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.07.018","article-title":"Characterization of atmospheric bioaerosols at 9 sites in Tijuana, Mexico","volume":"96","author":"Hurtado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00034-09","article-title":"Trade-offs between competition and defense specialists among unicellular planktonic organisms: The \"killing the winner\" hypothesis revisited","volume":"74","author":"Winter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME13080","article-title":"Changes in the airborne bacterial community in outdoor environments following Asian dust events","volume":"29","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbes Environ."}],"container-title":["Atmosphere"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4433\/11\/9\/919\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:04:25Z","timestamp":1760177065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4433\/11\/9\/919"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["atmos11090919"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos11090919","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4433"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4433","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]]}}}