{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:23:01Z","timestamp":1760239381900,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmosphere"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study uses Las Vegas near-road measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) to test the consistency of onroad emission constraint methodologies. We derive commonly used CO to NOx ratios (\u2206CO:\u2206NOx) from cross-road gradients and from linear regression using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and orthogonal regression. The CO to NOx ratios are used to infer NOx emission adjustments for a priori emissions estimates from EPA\u2019s MOtor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES) model assuming unbiased CO. The assumption of unbiased CO emissions may not be appropriate in many circumstances but was implemented in this analysis to illustrate the range of NOx scaling factors that can be inferred based on choice of methods and monitor distance alone. For the nearest road estimates (25 m), the cross-road gradient and ordinary least squares (OLS) agree with each other and are not statistically different from the MOVES-based emission estimate while \u2206CO:\u2206NOx from orthogonal regression is significantly higher than the emitted ratio from MOVES. Using further downwind measurements (i.e., 115 m and 300 m) increases OLS and orthogonal regression estimates of \u2206CO:\u2206NOx but not cross-road gradient \u2206CO:\u2206NOx. The inferred NOx emissions depend on the observation-based method, as well as the distance of the measurements from the roadway and can suggest either that MOVES NOx emissions are unbiased or that they should be adjusted downward by between 10% and 47%. The sensitivity of observation-based \u2206CO:\u2206NOx estimates to the selected monitor location and to the calculation method characterize the inherent uncertainty of these methods that cannot be derived from traditional standard-error based uncertainty metrics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11111243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T07:41:00Z","timestamp":1605685260000},"page":"1243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Variability in Observation-Based Onroad Emission Constraints from a Near-Road Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7254-3360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US EPA, Research Triangle Park (RTP), Durham, NC 27711, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6755-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barron H.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US EPA, Research Triangle Park (RTP), Durham, NC 27711, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7085-5552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Chris","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US EPA, Research Triangle Park (RTP), Durham, NC 27711, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen M.","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US EPA, Research Triangle Park (RTP), Durham, NC 27711, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4225-1556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle G.","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wood Environment and Infrastructure Solutions, Inc., Durham, NC 27703, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Kimbrough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US EPA, Research Triangle Park (RTP), Durham, NC 27711, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"(2018). 2014 National Emissions Inventory, Version 2 Technical Support Document.","key":"ref_1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003697","article-title":"A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion","volume":"109","author":"Bond","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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