{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:50:20Z","timestamp":1782453020697,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","award":["EP-C-16-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP-C-16-016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmosphere"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Subsurface contamination can migrate upward into overlying buildings, exposing the buildings\u2019 inhabitants to contaminants that can cause detrimental health effects. This phenomenon is known as vapor intrusion (VI). When evaluating a building for VI, one must understand that seasonal and short-term variability are significant factors in determining the reasonable maximum exposure (RME) to the occupants. RME is a semi-quantitative term that refers to the lower portion of the high end of the exposure distribution\u2014conceptually, above the 90th percentile exposure but less than the 98th percentile exposure. Samples were collected between December 2020 and April 2022 at six non-residential commercial buildings in Fairbanks, Alaska. The types of samples collected included indoor air (IA); outdoor air; subslab soil gas; soil gas; indoor radon; differential pressure; indoor and outdoor temperature; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) parameters; and other environmental factors. The buildings in close proximity to the volatile organic compound (VOC) source\/release points presented less variability in indoor air concentrations of trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) compared to the buildings farther down gradient in the contaminated groundwater plume. The VOC data pattern for the source area buildings shows an outdoor air temperature-dominated behavior for indoor air concentrations in the summer season. HVAC system operations had less influence on long-term indoor air concentration trends than environmental factors, which is supported by similar indoor air concentration patterns independent of location within the plume. The use of soil temperature and indoor\/outdoor temperatures as indicators and tracers (I&amp;Ts) across the plume as predictors of the sampling period could produce a good estimation of the RME for the building occupants. These results, which show the use of soil temperature and indoor\/outdoor temperatures as I&amp;Ts, will help advance investigative methods for evaluation of VI in similar settings and thereby improve the protection of human health in indoor environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos16040378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T04:36:48Z","timestamp":1743136608000},"page":"378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impact of Multiple HVAC Systems on Indoor Air VOC and Radon Concentrations from Vapor Intrusion During Seasonal Usage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0909-0079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John H.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr., P.O. Box 12055, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9078-179X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr., P.O. Box 12055, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8202-2630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5546-2649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Lutes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs, 1999 Bryan Street, Suite 1200, Dallas, TX 75201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Warrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSI Environmental Inc., 13949 W. Colfax, No. 210, Lakewood, CO 80401, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Cosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs, 1999 Bryan Street, Suite 1200, Dallas, TX 75201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs, 1999 Bryan Street, Suite 1200, Dallas, TX 75201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chase W.","family":"Holton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Bronstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSI Environmental Inc., 13949 W. Colfax, No. 210, Lakewood, CO 80401, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (2025, March 05). OSWER Technical Guide for Assessing and Mitigating the Vapor Intrusion Pathway from Subsurface Vapor Sources to Indoor Air, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2015-09\/documents\/oswer-vapor-intrusion-technical-guide-final.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6592.2008.01217.x","article-title":"Spatial variability of soil-gas concentrations near and beneath and building overlying shallow petroleum hydrocarbon-impacted soils","volume":"29","author":"Luo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Groundw. Monit. Remediat."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Schuver, H.J., and Mosley, R.B. (2009, January 27\u201330). 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