{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T02:48:17Z","timestamp":1773197297451,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]],"date-time":"2017-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmosphere"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A generally accepted value for the Radiation Amplification Factor (RAF), with respect to the erythemal action spectrum for sunburn of human skin, is \u22121.1, indicating that a 1.0% increase in stratospheric ozone leads to a 1.1% decrease in the biologically damaging UV radiation in the erythemal action spectrum reaching the Earth. The RAF is used to quantify the non-linear change in the biologically damaging UV radiation in the erythemal action spectrum as a function of total column ozone (O3). Spectrophotometer measurements recorded at ten US monitoring sites were used in this analysis, and over 71,000 total UVR measurement scans of the sky were collected at those 10 sites between 1998 and 2000 to assess the RAF value. This UVR dataset was examined to determine the specific impact of clouds on the RAF. Five de novo modeling approaches were used on the dataset, and the calculated RAF values ranged from a low of \u22120.80 to a high of \u22121.38.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos8080153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]],"date-time":"2017-08-21T04:12:17Z","timestamp":1503288737000},"page":"153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparison of Five Modeling Approaches to Quantify and Estimate the Effect of Clouds on the Radiation Amplification Factor (RAF) for Solar Ultraviolet Radiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0528-2014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Mail Drop E205-03, 109 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/294352a0","article-title":"Biologically damaging radiation amplified by ozone depletions","volume":"294","author":"Gerstl","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Blume, Y., Durzan, D.J., and Smertenko, P. (2006). Cell Biology and Instrumentation: UV Radiation, Nitric Oxide, and Cell Death in Plants, IOS Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parisi, A.V., Sabburg, J., and Kimlin, M.G. (2004). 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Available online: http:\/\/meteo.lcd.lu\/papers\/MASSEN\/RAF_from_sudden_TOC_dip.pdf."}],"container-title":["Atmosphere"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4433\/8\/8\/153\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:42:46Z","timestamp":1760208166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4433\/8\/8\/153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["atmos8080153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos8080153","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4433"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4433","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]]}}}