{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T06:11:00Z","timestamp":1762063860270,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]],"date-time":"2022-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNCS-UEFISCDI","award":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-381"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Audiology Research"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: During cochlear implantation, electrode insertion can cause cochlear damage, inflammation, and apoptosis, which can affect the residual hearing. Nanoparticles are increasingly studied as a way to increase the availability of inner ear protective factors. We studied the effect on rats of Pluronic-coated gold nanoparticles (Plu-AuNPs) containing dexamethasone, which were applied locally in the rat\u2019s middle ear following the implant procedure. Methods: Seven rats were used in the study. The right ear served as a model for the Dex-Plu-AuNP group. Following the intracochlear dummy electrode insertion through the round window, Dex-Plu-AuNPs were placed in the round window niche. In the right ear, following the same insertion procedure, free dexamethasone (Dex) was placed in the same manner. Auditory brainstem response thresholds (click stimulus, pure tones at 8 kHz, 16 kHz, 24 kHz, and 32 kHz) were measured before and one week after the procedure. A two-tailed T-test was used for the variables. Statistical significance was set as p &lt; 0.05. Results: In the Dex-Plu-AuNP group, the threshold shift was less than that in the free dexamethasone group, but no statistical significance was noted between the groups. When compared individually, only the 8 kHz frequency showed statistically significant, better results after one week, in favor of the Dex-Plu-AuNP group. The mean postoperative 8 kHz threshold in the Dex-Plu-AuNPs was significantly lower than that of the control group (p = 0.048, t-test). For the other frequencies, statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the mean threshold shifts of the two cohorts. Conclusions: The local application of Plu-AuNPs containing dexamethasone following cochlear implantation may better protect the residual hearing than dexamethasone alone, but a larger sample size is needed to reach a possible statistical significance. Dex-Plu-AuNPs do not seem to cause ototoxicity and may be used as a carrier for other agents. In a clinical setting, Dex-Plu-AuNPs may have the effect of protecting lower frequencies in patients with partial deafness who are candidates for electric acoustic stimulation (EAS). If we consider this tendency, Dex-Plu-AuNPs may also be beneficial for patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres12050047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]],"date-time":"2022-08-28T21:22:56Z","timestamp":1661721776000},"page":"466-475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Effect of Pluronic-Coated Gold Nanoparticles in Hearing Preservation Following Cochlear Implantation-Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2230-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Maria","family":"Blebea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Violeta","family":"Necula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Emergency County Hospital, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Potara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, T. Laurian Str. 42, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4334-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian George","family":"Dindelegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laszlo Peter","family":"Ujvary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emil Claudiu","family":"Botan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Emergency County Hospital, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alma Aurelia","family":"Maniu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Emergency County Hospital, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Cosgarea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blebea, C.M., Ujvary, L.P., Necula, V., Dindelegan, M.G., Perde-Schrepler, M., Stamate, M.C., Cosgarea, M., and Maniu, A.A. (2022). Current Concepts and Future Trends in Increasing the Benefits of Cochlear Implantation: A Narrative Review. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58060747"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000658","article-title":"Electric-Acoustic Stimulation Outcomes in Children","volume":"40","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-018-0532-3","article-title":"Hearing Preservation in Children with Electric-Acoustic Stimulation after Cochlear Implantation: Outcome after Electrode Insertion with Minimal Insertion Trauma","volume":"66","author":"Rader","year":"2018","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14670100.2017.1379933","article-title":"Hearing Preservation Cochlear Implantation in Children: The HEARRING Group Consensus and Practice Guide","volume":"19","author":"Rajan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochlear Implant. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matin, F., Artukarslan, E.N., Illg, A., Lesinski-Schiedat, A., Lenarz, T., and Suhling, M.C. (2021). Cochlear Implantation in Elderly Patients with Residual Hearing. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194305"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2013.869059","article-title":"Towards a Consensus on a Hearing Preservation Classification System","volume":"133","author":"Skarzynski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.329","article-title":"Intracochlear Fibrosis and the Foreign Body Response to Cochlear Implant Biomaterials","volume":"4","author":"Foggia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1585094","article-title":"Methods of Hearing Preservation during Cochlear Implantation","volume":"21","author":"Khater","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791573","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.791573","article-title":"Nanocarriers for Inner Ear Disease Therapy","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7794384","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7794384","article-title":"Recent Advances and Future Research Directions for Hearing Loss Treatment Based on Nanoparticles","volume":"2022","author":"Dindelegan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2019.1573182","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery in the Inner Ear: Current Challenges, Limitations and Opportunities","volume":"47","author":"Mittal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689032","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.689032","article-title":"Ultrasound Microbubble\u2013Facilitated Inner Ear Delivery of Gold Nanoparticles Involves Transient Disruption of the Tight Junction Barrier in the Round Window Membrane","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-021-01922-1","article-title":"Pluronic-Coated Biogenic Gold Nanoparticles for Colon Delivery of 5-Fluorouracil: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Studies","volume":"22","author":"Mahdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"523","article-title":"The Welfare of Animals Used in Science: How the \u201cThree Rs\u201d Ethic Guides Improvements","volume":"50","author":"Fenwick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/physci241020a0","article-title":"Controlled Nucleation for the Regulation of the Particle Size in Monodisperse Gold Suspensions","volume":"241","author":"Frens","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nat. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2012.04.005","article-title":"A Comparison of the Effects of Isoflurane and Ketamine Anesthesia on Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) Thresholds in Rats","volume":"287","author":"Ruebhausen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.05.015","article-title":"A Cool Approach to Reducing Electrode-Induced Trauma: Localized Therapeutic Hypothermia Conserves Residual Hearing in Cochlear Implantation","volume":"339","author":"Tamames","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215117000135","article-title":"The Effect of Local Application of Insulin-like Growth Factor for Prevention of Inner-Ear Damage Caused by Electrode Trauma","volume":"131","author":"Gur","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parys, Q.A., Van Bulck, P., Loos, E., and Verhaert, N. (2022). Inner Ear Pharmacotherapy for Residual Hearing Preservation in Cochlear Implant Surgery: A Systematic Review. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12040529"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2020.1763457","article-title":"Dexamethasone Delivery for Hearing Preservation in Animal Cochlear Implant Model: Continuity, Long-Term Release, and Fast Release Rate","volume":"140","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2021.108224","article-title":"Systemic Methylprednisolone for Hearing Preservation during Cochlear Implant Surgery: A Double Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"404","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.906210","article-title":"Preservation of Hearing Following Cochlear Implantation Using Different Steroid Therapy Regimens: A Prospective Clinical Study","volume":"24","author":"Gos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skarzynska, M.B., Kolodziejak, A., Gos, E., and Skarzynski, P.H. (2021). The Clinical Effects of Steroids Therapy in the Preserving Residual Hearing after Cochlear Implantation with the OTICON Neuro Zti EVO. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132868"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skarzynska, M.B., Kolodziejak, A., Gos, E., Skarzynski, P.H., Lorens, A., and Walkowiak, A. (2022). The Clinical Effect of Steroid Therapy on Preserving Residual Hearing after Cochlear Implantation with the Advanced Bionics HiRes Ultra 3D Cochlear Implant System. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12040486"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.08.031","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of the Metals and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"44","author":"Dizaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"456","article-title":"A Novel Nano-Approach for Targeted Inner Ear Imaging","volume":"8","author":"Kayyali","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nanomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.08.010","article-title":"Permanent and Transient Effects of Locally Delivered N-Acetyl Cysteine in a Guinea Pig Model of Cochlear Implantation","volume":"259","author":"Eastwood","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hear. Res."}],"container-title":["Audiology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4349\/12\/5\/47\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:19:09Z","timestamp":1760141949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4349\/12\/5\/47"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["audiolres12050047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/audiolres12050047","relation":{},"ISSN":["2039-4349"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2039-4349"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]]}}}