{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T03:04:56Z","timestamp":1760151896822,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["76604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["76604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Audiology Research"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sound therapy is one of the most common tinnitus treatments that can be used either to mask or to shift attention away from the tinnitus percept. However, the actual benefit of sound therapy and the mechanisms leading to the benefits remain limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the short-term (15 min) and long-term (2 months) effects of sound therapy on visual attention in chronic tinnitus patients. Visual attention was evaluated with the behavioral Attention Network Task, while the tinnitus-related distress was evaluated with the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) to quantify the effect of sound therapy. The study included 20 participants with chronic and bothersome tinnitus (&gt;6 months, THI &gt; 18) and 20 matched control participants. All participants took part in a first session consisting of a baseline condition, a short-term sound therapy condition and a silent control condition. The tinnitus participants also took part in a second session that evaluated the long-term effect of the therapy. A reduction in the tinnitus-related distress was found after the long-term use of sound therapy. Furthermore, a reduction in the differential index of the executive control (EC) attention network, indicating improved attention, was found after long-term use of sound therapy in the sound condition but not in the silent control condition. In contrast to earlier research, no differences were found between the tinnitus group and the control group for the baseline measurement of the EC attention network. Overall, the results suggest that there is no link between the visual attention networks and the sound therapy\u2019s effect on tinnitus-related distress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres12050050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T21:06:52Z","timestamp":1663103212000},"page":"493-507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Short and Long-Term Effect of Sound Therapy on Visual Attention in Chronic Tinnitus Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2320-2214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mie Laerkegaard","family":"Joergensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hearing Systems Section, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"},{"name":"WS Audiology, 3540 Lynge, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petteri","family":"Hyv\u00e4rinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hearing Systems Section, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sueli","family":"Caporali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WS Audiology, 3540 Lynge, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Dau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hearing Systems Section, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60142-7","article-title":"Tinnitus","volume":"382","author":"Baguley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, July 13). Hoffman: Tinnitus: Theory and management\u2014Google Scholar. Available online: https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Tinnitus:+Theory+and+Management&author=HJ+Hoffman&author=GW+Reed&publication_year=2004&."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sereda, M., Xia, J., El Refaie, A., A Hall, D., and Hoare, D.J. (2018). Sound therapy (using amplification devices and\/or sound generators) for tinnitus in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013094"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1044\/1059-0889(2006\/013)","article-title":"Analysis of Responses to Individual Items on the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory According to Severity of Tinnitus Handicap","volume":"15","author":"Handscomb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcnurse.2009.06.001","article-title":"Effects of audio relaxation programs for blood pressure reduction in older adults","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jastreboff, P.J. (2000). Tinnitus habituation therapy (THI) and tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT). Tinnitus Handbook, Singular.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-13020"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2022, July 13). The Efficacy of Fractal Music Employed in Hearing Aids for Tinnitus Management|The Hearing Review. Available online: https:\/\/hearingreview.com\/practice-building\/practice-management\/the-efficacy-of-fractal-music-employed-in-hearing-aids-for-tinnitus-management."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.21.7.5","article-title":"Effects of Acoustical Stimuli Delivered through Hearing Aids on Tinnitus","volume":"21","author":"Sweetow","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00049","article-title":"Cortical reorganization in recent-onset tinnitus patients by the Heidelberg Model of Music Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Krick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1177\/1084713808321184","article-title":"Using Therapeutic Sound With Progressive Audiologic Tinnitus Management","volume":"12","author":"Henry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Amplif."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020601102329","article-title":"Severe tinnitus and its effect on selective and divided attention","volume":"46","author":"Stevens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2006\/012)","article-title":"Tinnitus and Its Effect on Working Memory and Attention","volume":"49","author":"Rossiter","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020400050030","article-title":"Tinnitus impairs cognitive efficiency","volume":"43","author":"Hallam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"McKenna, L., Hallam, R.S., and Shurlock, L. (1995, January 12\u201315). Cognitive functioning in tinnitus patients. Proceedings of the Fifth International Tinnitus Seminar, Portland, OR, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4305.1168","article-title":"Tinnitus and Cognitive Interference","volume":"43","author":"Andersson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.04.043","article-title":"Tinnitus specifically alters the top-down executive control sub-component of attention: Evidence from the Attention Network Task","volume":"269","author":"Heeren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2015.1055836","article-title":"The impact of tinnitus on cognitive performance in normal-hearing individuals","volume":"54","author":"Waechter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113493","article-title":"On the impairment of executive control of attention in chronic tinnitus","volume":"414","author":"Jensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1162\/089892902317361886","article-title":"Testing the Efficiency and Independence of Attentional Networks","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062111-150525","article-title":"The Attention System of the Human Brain: 20 Years After","volume":"35","author":"Petersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085516","article-title":"Research on Attention Networks as a Model for the Integration of Psychological Science","volume":"58","author":"Posner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2022, September 02). Fors\u00f8gsperson. Available online: www.forsoegsperson.dk."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1996.01890140029007","article-title":"Development of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory","volume":"122","author":"Newman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)66050-6","article-title":"Consensus for tinnitus patient assessment and treatment outcome measurement: Tinnitus Research Initiative meeting, Regensburg, July 2006","volume":"166","author":"Langguth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-01193-y","article-title":"PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy","volume":"51","author":"Peirce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.1.212","article-title":"RTbox: A device for highly accurate response time measurements","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2022, September 02). Biorender. Available online: https:\/\/biorender.com\/."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811403882","article-title":"Tinnitus Handicap Inventory for Evaluating Treatment Effects: Which Changes Are Clinically Relevant?","volume":"145","author":"Zeman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.110289","article-title":"The use of fractal tones in tinnitus patient management","volume":"15","author":"Sweetow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Herzfeld, B.M., Ciurlia-Guy, E., and Sweetow, R. (2018, September 19). Clinical Trial on the Effectiveness of Widex Zen Therapy for Tinnitus. Available online: http:\/\/www.hearingreview.com\/2014\/10\/clinical-trial-effectiveness-widex-zen-therapy-tinnitus\/."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobson, J., Chisholm, E., and El Refaie, A. (2012). Sound therapy (masking) in the management of tinnitus in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006371.pub3"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2019.1704393","article-title":"Age-related hearing loss associated with altered response efficiency and variability on a visual sustained attention task","volume":"28","author":"Loughrey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12340","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12340","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of continuous subjective tinnitus on attention and habituation","volume":"9","author":"Vasudevan","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/010503900424589","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a Danish adaptation of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory","volume":"29","author":"Zachariae","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20900","article-title":"Attentional impairment in anxiety: Inefficiency in expanding the scope of attention","volume":"29","author":"Najmi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.07.017","article-title":"Deficits in attention performance are associated with insufficiency of slow-wave sleep in insomnia","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390903042379","article-title":"Attention and working memory deficits in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"32","author":"Saunders","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.11.007","article-title":"Executive function impairments in depression and bipolar disorder: Association with functional impairment and quality of life","volume":"190","author":"Cotrena","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1598069","article-title":"A Sound Therapy-Based Intervention to Expand the Auditory Dynamic Range for Loudness among Persons with Sensorineural Hearing Losses: Case Evidence Showcasing Treatment Efficacy","volume":"38","author":"Sherlock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Hear."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.09.012","article-title":"Rationale and Efficacy of Sound Therapies for Tinnitus and Hyperacusis","volume":"407","author":"Pienkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cederroth, C.R., Lugo, A., Edvall, N.K., Lazar, A., Lopez-Escamez, J.-A., Bulla, J., Uhlen, I., Hoare, D.J., Baguley, D.M., and Canlon, B. (2020). Association between Hyperacusis and Tinnitus. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082412"}],"container-title":["Audiology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4349\/12\/5\/50\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:30:21Z","timestamp":1760142621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4349\/12\/5\/50"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["audiolres12050050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/audiolres12050050","relation":{},"ISSN":["2039-4349"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2039-4349"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]}}}