{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:51:54Z","timestamp":1790747514642,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18K04021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K04021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Audiology Research"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cartilage-conduction pathway was recently proposed as a third auditory pathway; however, middle-ear vibrations have not yet been investigated in vivo. We aimed to measure the ossicles and bone vibration upon cartilage-conduction stimulation with a non-contact laser Doppler vibrometer. We recruited adult patients with normal ear structures who underwent cochlear implant surgery at our hospital between April 2020 and December 2022. For sound input, a cartilage-conduction transducer, custom-made by RION Corporation (Tokyo, Japan), was fixed to the surface of the tragus and connected to an audiometer to regulate the output. A posterior tympanotomy was performed and a laser beam was directed through the cavity to measure the vibration of the ossicles, cochlear promontory, and posterior wall of the external auditory canal. Five participants (three men, mean age: 56.4 years) were included. The mean hearing loss on the operative side was 96.3 dB HL in one patient, and that of the other patients was off-scale. The vibrations were measured at a sound input of 1 kHz and 60 dB. We observed vibrations of all three structures, demonstrating the existence of cartilage-conduction pathways in vivo. These results may help uncover the mechanisms of the cartilage-conduction pathway in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres13040044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T02:14:48Z","timestamp":1689214488000},"page":"495-505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["In Vivo Measurement of Ear Ossicle and Bony Wall Vibration by Sound Stimulation of Cartilage Conduction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4512-0925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Yazama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-machi, Yonago 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiro","family":"Arii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kanki Rotordynamics Lab, 1646 Higashikanki-cyo, Kakogawa 675-0057, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Kataoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-machi, Yonago 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tasuku","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-machi, Yonago 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Kamitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-machi, Yonago 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-machi, Yonago 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mao.0000187236.10842.d5","article-title":"Bone-conducted sound: Physiological and clinical aspects","volume":"26","author":"Stenfelt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Otol. 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