{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:58:28Z","timestamp":1792803508769,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga and CBUA","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036b2ww28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Audiology Research"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Hearing loss in childhood is associated with significant challenges in linguistic and cognitive development, particularly affecting language skills such as syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, which are essential for effective communication and social integration. This study aimed to analyze how different types and degrees of hearing loss impact linguistic development in children, and to identify clinical factors\u2014such as age at diagnosis and years of language intervention\u2014that may predict language performance. Methods: This study included a sample of 140 children aged 6 to 12, categorized into seven groups based on their hearing condition: unilateral and bilateral conductive, unilateral and bilateral sensorineural, unilateral and bilateral mixed hearing loss, and a control group with no hearing loss. Linguistic development was assessed using the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-5 (CELF-5), a validated tool for diagnosing language disorders. Statistical analyses, including MANOVA and multiple regression, were conducted to evaluate differences in linguistic skills across groups and to determine the predictive value of clinical variables on total language performance. Results: The analysis revealed statistically significant differences across groups in all assessed linguistic domains (p &lt; 0.001), with children with severe or bilateral hearing loss exhibiting notably lower scores compared to normohearing peers. The multiple regression analysis indicated that type of hearing loss was the strongest predictor of total linguistic performance (\u03b2 = \u22120.674), followed by age at diagnosis (\u03b2 = \u22120.285) and age of hearing device adaptation (\u03b2 = \u22120.220). Years of language intervention also contributed significantly (\u03b2 = 0.198) but to a lesser extent. Conclusions: This study highlights the critical impact of early and comprehensive auditory and language intervention on linguistic outcomes for children with hearing impairments. Early diagnosis and timely adaptation of hearing aids or cochlear implants are essential in mitigating language deficits, particularly in areas like syntax and pragmatic skills. These findings support the need for specialized, long-term interventions tailored to the severity and type of hearing loss to improve language development in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres14060084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T08:15:54Z","timestamp":1732781754000},"page":"1014-1027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Impact of Hearing Loss Type on Linguistic Development in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nadia","family":"Porcar-Gozalbo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Valencian International University (VIU), 46002 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3466-4465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"L\u00f3pez-Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Valles-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Valencian International University (VIU), 46002 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7330-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cano-Villagrasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Valencian International University (VIU), 46002 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e20162964","article-title":"Early hearing detection and vocabulary of children with hearing loss","volume":"142","author":"Sedey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"646","article-title":"Quantity and quality of caregivers\u2019 linguistic input to 18-month and 3-year-old children who are hard of hearing","volume":"40","author":"Ambrose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76S","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000219","article-title":"Language outcomes in young children with mild to severe hearing loss","volume":"36","author":"Tomblin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"14","article-title":"Language outcomes of early-identified children with cochlear implants at 12 to 16 years of age","volume":"41","author":"Geers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"9","article-title":"Language deprivation syndrome: A possible neurodevelopmental disorder with sociocultural origins","volume":"7","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Societies"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"93","article-title":"The influence of family variables on language development of deaf children: A longitudinal study","volume":"91","author":"Calderon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"507","article-title":"Current state of knowledge: Language and literacy of children with hearing impairment","volume":"38","author":"Moeller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"34","article-title":"Influence of hearing aids on outcomes of children with mild hearing loss","volume":"32","author":"McCreery","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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