{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:25:37Z","timestamp":1787063137886,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Audiology Research"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Tinnitus is a frequent symptom, and is present in 10\u201315% of people who suffer from chronic tinnitus, defined as heard every day for at least 6 months. Among these, 1\u20132% develop a strong emotive reaction, anxiety, and depression, leading to poor quality of life. Objectives: to evaluate the comorbidities in tinnitus sufferers. Methods: In our retrospective study, we collected data on 1156 subjects with tinnitus present for at least 3 months, including age, audiometric exam, THI questionnaire, vascular disorders, fluctuations, causal factors, lifetime psychiatric disorders, and the presence of migraine. A linear regression model was used to assess the independent role of these variables on the THI total score representing tinnitus annoyance. A lifetime history of psychiatric disorders and migraine were predictive for the development of a disabling tinnitus. Results: Among comorbidities a history of previous psychiatric disorders was predictive for developing tinnitus. Moreover, no correlation has been found between hearing level and THI total score. Conclusions: Our data are not inconsistent with the hypothesis that psychological disorders and a particular personality trait may be the main causal factors for tinnitus annoyance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres15010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T06:46:10Z","timestamp":1737009970000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory Total Score: What Really Counts? Experience on a Sample of 1156 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2948-4638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Teggi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Division, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iacopo","family":"Cangiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Division, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Familiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASST Nord Milano, Sesto San Giovanni, 20099 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1442-7023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittorio","family":"Gioffr\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Division, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Nobile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Division, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Gatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Division, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-019-0633-7","article-title":"A multidisciplinary European guideline for tinnitus: Diagnostics, assessment, and treatment","volume":"67","author":"Cima","year":"2019","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.2189","article-title":"Global Prevalence and Incidence of Tinnitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Jarach","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hackenberg, B., D\u00f6ge, J., O\u2019Brien, K., Bohnert, A., Lackner, K.J., Beutel, M.E., Michal, M., M\u00fcnzel, T., Wild, P.S., and Pfeiffer, N. (2023). Tinnitus and Its Relation to Depression, Anxiety, and Stress-A Population-Based Cohort Study. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031169"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020802716786","article-title":"Evaluation of a model of distress related to tinnitus","volume":"48","author":"Schutte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2011.588692","article-title":"Personality and psychopathology","volume":"23","author":"Andersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2014.05.031","article-title":"Systematic review of evidence on the association between personality and tinnitus","volume":"80","author":"Mucci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2016.1198966","article-title":"Anxiety and depression, personality traits relevant to tinnitus: A scoping review","volume":"55","author":"Durai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Munster, J.J.C.M., van der Valk, W.H., Stegeman, I., Lieftink, A.F., and Smit, A.L. (2020). The Relationship of Tinnitus Distress with Personality Traits: A Systematic Review. Front. Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00225"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)66002-6","article-title":"Eggermont. Pathophysiology of tinnitus","volume":"166","author":"Jos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"236","article-title":"Neurophysiological approach to tinnitus patients","volume":"17","author":"Jastreboff","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Otol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Wackym, P.A., and Snow, J.B. (2018). Tinnitus and Decreased Sound Tolerance. Ballenger\u2019s Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, People\u2019s Medical Publishing House-USA. [18th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.05.003","article-title":"Hearing Loss and Tinnitus","volume":"105","author":"Shapiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-023-00914-1","article-title":"Review and Perspective on Brain Bases of Tinnitus","volume":"24","author":"Husain","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.01.027","article-title":"Involvement of cortico-subcortical circuits in normoacousic chronic tinnitus: A source localization EEG study","volume":"126","author":"Houdayer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1996.01890140029007","article-title":"Development of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory","volume":"122","author":"Newman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2273.2001.00490.x","article-title":"Guidelines for the grading of tinnitus severity: The results of a working group commissioned by the British Association of Otolaryngologists, Head and Neck Surgeons, 1999","volume":"26","author":"McCombe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol. Allied Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"126","article-title":"Validity of the Italian adaptation of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory; focus on quality of life and psychological distress in tinnitus-sufferers","volume":"28","author":"Monzani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) (2013). The International Classification of Headache Disorders. (beta version). 3rd ed. Cephalalgia, 33, 629\u2013808.","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413485658"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-007-1624-7","article-title":"The role of cochlear neurotransmitters in tinnitus","volume":"55","author":"Mazurek","year":"2007","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3109\/03005369009077842","article-title":"Predictors of tinnitus discomfort, adaptation and subjective loudness of tinnitus","volume":"24","author":"Scott","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-0102(90)90031-9","article-title":"Phantom auditory perception (tinnitus); mechanisms of generation and perception","volume":"8","author":"Jastreboff","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"47","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of tinnitus","volume":"51","author":"Lockwood","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand. Audiol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.306.6891.1490","article-title":"Tinnitus: Its causes, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"306","author":"Luxon","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4103\/nah.nah_68_22","article-title":"Personality Traits and Tinnitus Distress: Results Based on Patients with Tinnitus in China","volume":"25","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"379","article-title":"Psychometric adequacy of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) for evaluating treatment outcome","volume":"9","author":"Newman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"9","article-title":"The psychological management of tinnitus: Comparison of a combined cognitive educational program, education alone and a waiting-list control","volume":"2","author":"Henry","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. Tinnitus J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boecking, B., Biehl, R., Brueggemann, P., and Mazurek, B. (2021). Health-Related Quality of Life, Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety, and Somatization Symptoms in Male and Female Patients with Chronic Tinnitus. J. Clin. Med., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132798"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2021.1876919","article-title":"Association between hearing status and tinnitus distress","volume":"141","author":"Waechter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1590\/S1808-86942010000100004","article-title":"The impact of gender, age and hearing loss on tinnitus severity","volume":"76","author":"Pinto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-013-0371-6","article-title":"Tinnitus and patterns of hearing loss","volume":"14","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1159\/000013796","article-title":"Psychopathological profile of tinnitus sufferers: Evidence concerning the relationship between tinnitus features and impact on life","volume":"3","author":"Gartner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurootol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1375\/audi.29.2.67","article-title":"The impact of hearing loss on tinnitus severity","volume":"29","author":"Searchfield","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.132.12.1323","article-title":"Factors influencing tinnitus loudness and annoyance","volume":"132","author":"Hiller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2017.04.007","article-title":"Depression in Older Adults: A Treatable Medical Condition","volume":"44","author":"Casey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-N1908","article-title":"The social problem of presbystasis and the role of vestibular rehabilitation in elderly patients: A review","volume":"43","author":"Teggi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4103\/nah.nah_75_21","article-title":"Evaluation of anxiety sensitivity, anxiety, depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with tinnitus","volume":"24","author":"Kumbul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i14.3211","article-title":"Evaluation of chronic idiopathic tinnitus and its psychosocial triggers","volume":"11","author":"Hamed","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.006","article-title":"Psychopathological dimensions of tinnitus and psychopharmacologic approaches in its treatment","volume":"34","author":"Belli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20411","article-title":"Neuroticism is a fundamental domain of personality with enormous public health implications","volume":"16","author":"Widiger","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)66020-8","article-title":"Tinnitus severity, depression, and the big five personality traits","volume":"166","author":"Langguth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-017-9502-2","article-title":"The role of questioning environment, personality traits, depressive and anxiety symptoms in tinnitus severity perception","volume":"88","author":"Strumila","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Q."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"29","article-title":"The distressed (Type D) personality is independently associated with tinnitus: A case-control study","volume":"51","author":"Bartels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langguth, B., Hund, V., Landgrebe, M., and Schecklmann, M. (2017). Tinnitus Patients with Comorbid Headaches: The Influence of Headache Type and Laterality on Tinnitus Characteristics. Front. Neurol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00440"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karimi, L., Wijeratne, T., Crewther, S.G., Evans, A.E., Ebaid, D., and Khalil, H. (2021). The Migraine-Anxiety comorbidity among migraineurs: A Systematic Review. Front. Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.613372"}],"container-title":["Audiology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4349\/15\/1\/4\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:29:39Z","timestamp":1759919379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4349\/15\/1\/4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["audiolres15010004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/audiolres15010004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2039-4349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2039-4349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]}}}