{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:34:36Z","timestamp":1790800476344,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cochlear Technology Centre Belgium","award":["IIR-2511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIR-2511"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Audiology Research"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lip-reading, i.e., the ability to recognize speech using only visual cues, plays a fundamental role in audio-visual speech processing, intelligibility, and comprehension. This capacity is integral to language development and functioning; it emerges in early development, and it slowly evolves. By linking psycholinguistics, psychophysics, and neurophysiology, the present narrative review explores the development and significance of lip-reading across different stages of life, highlighting its role in human communication in both typical and atypical development, e.g., in the presence of hearing or language impairments. We examined how relying on lip-reading becomes crucial when communication occurs in noisy environments and, on the contrary, the impacts that visual barriers can have on speech perception. Finally, this review highlights individual differences and the role of cultural and social contexts for a better understanding of the visual counterpart of speech.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres15040089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T10:35:31Z","timestamp":1753094131000},"page":"89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Lip-Reading: Advances and Unresolved Questions in a Key Communication Skill"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9600-0050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Battista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MoMiLab, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, 55100 Lucca, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Collesei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MoMiLab, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, 55100 Lucca, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7465-1066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Orzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burlo Garofolo Hospital, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0155-880X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Fantoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burlo Garofolo Hospital, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6843-1569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Bottari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MoMiLab, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, 55100 Lucca, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14195","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1829-15.2015","article-title":"Congruent Visual Speech Enhances Cortical Entrainment to Continuous Auditory Speech in Noise-Free Conditions","volume":"35","author":"Crosse","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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