{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:13:10Z","timestamp":1790863990207,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Audiology Research"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: hearing loss represents, today, one of the most significant health problems affecting the world\u2019s population. This clinical condition, particularly manifest in adulthood, can arise or be aggravated by both the presence of specific pathologies and by taking multiple classes of drugs at the same time. Methods: to understand this relationship, the present non-interventional observational study aimed to investigate the relationship between worsening hearing abilities in 1651 patients aged between 18 and 99 years. In particular, the thorough history of patients allowed us to evaluate the pathological profiles, pharmacological profiles, and therapeutic regimens adopted. This allowed us to evaluate its association with self-reported hearing loss, assessed through the administration of the HHIE-S-It questionnaire. Furthermore, given the presence of multimorbidity, the possible correlation between self-reported hearing loss and the specific classes of drugs, categorized using the Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC) system, was evaluated. Results: the results highlighted how patients taking drugs, both in mono- and polytherapy regimens, had higher hearing deficits than patients not taking drugs. Furthermore, an apparent dose\u2013response effect, in which the risk of moderate to severe impairment progressively increased with the number of drugs taken, was also observed. Different classes of drugs, particularly those used for the treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system, as well as drugs for acid-related disorders, were significantly linked to an increased risk of perceived hearing impairment. On the contrary, agents belonging to the antidiabetic category have proven to be drugs capable of offering a potential protective effect. Conclusion: this study highlighted how both the number of drugs taken and some specific categories of drugs can contribute to perceived hearing impairment. While this evidence highlights the importance of integrating audiological evaluation into the management of patients in polypharmacy, the cross-sectional nature of the design precludes the inference of causality. This evidence still favors safer and more personalized therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres15050135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T12:32:47Z","timestamp":1760099567000},"page":"135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association Between Polypharmacy and Self-Reported Hearing Disability: An Observational Study Using ATC Classification and HHIE-S-It Questionnaire"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Martines","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Section of Audiology, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129-90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Salvago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Section of Audiology, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129-90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4962-379X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Lavanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties \u2018Giuseppe D\u2019Alessandro, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 133-90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0917-7809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ginevra","family":"Malta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties \u2018Giuseppe D\u2019Alessandro, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 133-90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4786-8435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulvio","family":"Plescia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties \u2018Giuseppe D\u2019Alessandro, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 133-90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Anastasiadou, S., and Al Khalili, Y. 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