{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:31:03Z","timestamp":1790947863941,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Audiology Research"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Swallowing is mediated by the central nervous system, including cortical and subcortical structures, the cerebellum, and the brainstem. The brainstem contains the swallowing centre that is crucial for initiating and coordinating swallowing. Consequently, brainstem damage due to stroke often leads to severe and persistent dysphagia. The aim of the present narrative review is to provide an overview of dysphagia following brainstem stroke and its management. It summarizes the physiology and pathophysiology of dysphagia following brainstem stroke and the available therapeutic options, and evaluate their effectiveness for dysphagia following brainstem stroke, which would promote the development of therapeutic protocols. Neuromodulatory techniques, including pharyngeal electrical stimulation (PES), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), modulate the excitability of corticobulbar circuits. These techniques promote neuroplasticity through peripheral or cortical electrical or electromagnetic inputs. Skill-based swallowing training emphasizes cortical involvement in enhancing swallowing skill, offering a targeted approach to behavioural rehabilitation. Finally, transient receptor potential (TRP) agonists increase sensory inputs to the swallowing system by stimulating the sensory receptors in the oropharynx, potentially activating the swallowing network. While these options have shown promise in dysphagia rehabilitation following stroke, most the available data comes from patients with mixed stroke lesions, with limited data focused specifically on brainstem lesions. Therefore, the evidence for their efficacy in patients with brainstem stroke remains underexplored. Therefore, treatment decisions should rely on the understanding of swallowing physiology, neuroplasticity, and clinical evidence from related stroke populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres15060156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T09:10:45Z","timestamp":1763025045000},"page":"156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Brainstem Stroke and Dysphagia Treatment: A Narrative Review on the Role of Neuromodulation, Skill-Based Swallowing Training and Transient Receptor Potential Agonists"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5853-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivy","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Human Communication, Learning and Development, Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M3 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4926-6323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wan-Qi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M3 9NT, UK"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People\u2019s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9640-7427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaheen","family":"Hamdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Human Communication, Learning and Development, Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7245-0882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Michou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech Language Therapy, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, GR26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8806-7116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maggie-Lee","family":"Huckabee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rose Centre for Stroke Recovery and Research, School of Psychology Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7149-7948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noem\u00ed","family":"Tomsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Matar\u00f3, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08304 Mataro, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0696-8560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pere","family":"Clav\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Matar\u00f3, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08304 Mataro, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1592-8461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rainer","family":"Dziewas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Klinikum Osnabr\u00fcck (Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of M\u00fcnster), 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1113\/JP285564","article-title":"The neurorehabilitation of post-stroke dysphagia: Physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"603","author":"Sasegbon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0102","article-title":"Central pattern generators in the brainstem and spinal cord: An overview of basic principles, similarities and differences","volume":"30","author":"Steuer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Gowda, S.N., Munakomi, S., and De Jesus, O. (2024). Brainstem Stroke. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s40141-013-0017-y","article-title":"Dysphagia after stroke: An overview","volume":"1","author":"Ottenstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3938","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15691","article-title":"The solitary nucleus connectivity to key autonomic regions in humans","volume":"56","author":"Forstenpointner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120434","article-title":"Cerebral control of swallowing: An update on neurobehavioral evidence","volume":"442","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.2.929","article-title":"Brain stem control of swallowing: Neuronal network and cellular mechanisms","volume":"81","author":"Jean","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00806.2002","article-title":"Temporal coordination of pharyngeal and laryngeal dynamics with breathing during swallowing: Single liquid swallows","volume":"94","author":"Brodsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.131.9.762","article-title":"Breathing and swallowing dynamics across the adult lifespan","volume":"131","author":"Brodsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63488-7.00013-6","article-title":"The generation of pharyngeal phase of swallow and its coordination with breathing: Interaction between the swallow and respiratory central pattern generators","volume":"212","author":"Bautista","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, J., Wu, Z.-m., Ye, Q.-p., Dai, M., Dai, Y., He, Z.-t., and Dou, Z.-l. (2022). Characteristics of dysphagia among different lesion sites of stroke: A retrospective study. Front. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.944688"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000324940","article-title":"MRI-based neuroanatomical predictors of dysphagia after acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Flowers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-022-10464-y","article-title":"Brain activation site of laryngeal elevation during swallowing: An fMRI Study","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2012.36.3.347","article-title":"Correlation between location of brain lesion and cognitive function and findings of videofluoroscopic swallowing study","volume":"36","author":"Pyun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/08990220.2023.2165058","article-title":"The relationship between dysphagia and the localisation of brain lesion in stroke: Is the involvement of the pons and medulla important?","volume":"41","author":"Konak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Somatosens. Mot. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000000260","article-title":"Lateral medullary syndrome: Uncommon form of brainstem stroke","volume":"85","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-020-10158-3","article-title":"Dysphagia in lateral medullary syndrome: A narrative review","volume":"36","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.241466","article-title":"Dysphagia in patients with isolated pontine infarction","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107682","article-title":"Correlation between lesion location and dysphagia characteristics in post-stroke patients","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000190056.76543.eb","article-title":"Dysphagia after stroke: Incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications","volume":"36","author":"Martino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_AJSLP-19-00068","article-title":"Cortical and subcortical control of swallowing\u2014Can we use information from lesion locations to improve diagnosis and treatment for patients with stroke?","volume":"29","author":"Wilmskoetter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech-Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"e70361","article-title":"Heart-Shaped Infarct on MRI and Its Implications in Bilateral Medullary Syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Lankapothu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e262763","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2024-262763","article-title":"From locked-in syndrome to recovery: Thrombolysis success in bilateral pontine infarction with \u2018heart appearance\u2019 sign","volume":"17","author":"Nikolaidou","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep. CP"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-0879-x","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of pontine infarction: Clinical-MRI correlations","volume":"249","author":"Kumral","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.6.1370","article-title":"Mechanisms of dysphagia in suprabulbar palsy with lacunar infarct","volume":"31","author":"Ertekin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-001-0113-5","article-title":"Social and psychological burden of dysphagia: Its impact on diagnosis and treatment","volume":"17","author":"Ekberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873221147740","article-title":"Costs of post-stroke dysphagia during acute hospitalization from a health-insurance perspective","volume":"8","author":"Labeit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Stroke J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/264","article-title":"Long-term reorganization of human motor cortex driven by short-term sensory stimulation","volume":"1","author":"Hamdy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.04.056","article-title":"Reversal of a virtual lesion in human pharyngeal motor cortex by high frequency contralesional brain stimulation","volume":"137","author":"Jefferson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1035","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00294.2009","article-title":"Characterizing the application of transcranial direct current stimulation in human pharyngeal motor cortex","volume":"297","author":"Jefferson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.144592","article-title":"Unilateral suppression of pharyngeal motor cortex to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reveals functional asymmetry in the hemispheric projections to human swallowing","volume":"585","author":"Mistry","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G137","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00399.2002","article-title":"Differential changes in human pharyngoesophageal motor excitability induced by swallowing, pharyngeal stimulation, and anesthesia","volume":"285","author":"Fraser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00705-5","article-title":"Driving plasticity in human adult motor cortex is associated with improved motor function after brain injury","volume":"34","author":"Fraser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.01.052","article-title":"Adjunctive functional pharyngeal electrical stimulation reverses swallowing disability after brain lesions","volume":"138","author":"Jayasekeran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.10.016","article-title":"Pharyngeal electrical stimulation can modulate swallowing in cortical processing and behavior\u2014Magnetoencephalographic evidence","volume":"104","author":"Suntrup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12783","article-title":"Electrical pharyngeal stimulation increases substance P level in saliva","volume":"28","author":"Bittner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000482002","article-title":"Increase of Substance P Concentration in Saliva after Pharyngeal Electrical Stimulation in Severely Dysphagic Stroke Patients\u2014An Indicator of Decannulation Success?","volume":"25","author":"Muhle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosignals"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13327","article-title":"Effects of Neurostimulation on Poststroke Dysphagia: A Synthesis of Current Evidence From Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"24","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13887","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13887","article-title":"Short-term neurophysiological effects of sensory pathway neurorehabilitation strategies on chronic poststroke oropharyngeal dysphagia","volume":"32","author":"Cabib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30255-2","article-title":"Pharyngeal electrical stimulation for early decannulation in tracheotomised patients with neurogenic dysphagia after stroke (PHAST-TRAC): A prospective, single-blinded, randomised trial","volume":"17","author":"Dziewas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.09.005","article-title":"Characterizing the mechanisms of central and peripheral forms of neurostimulation in chronic dysphagic stroke patients","volume":"7","author":"Michou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3897-8","article-title":"Electrical pharyngeal stimulation for dysphagia treatment in tracheotomized stroke patients: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"Suntrup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04665-6","article-title":"Pharyngeal electrical stimulation for postextubation dysphagia in acute stroke: A randomized controlled pilot trial","volume":"27","author":"Labeit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00613","article-title":"Treating postextubation dysphagia after stroke with pharyngeal electrical stimulation\u2013insights from a randomized controlled pilot trial","volume":"22","author":"Labeit","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2024.e00433","article-title":"Predictors of pharyngeal electrical stimulation treatment success in tracheotomised stroke patients with dysphagia: Secondary analysis from PHADER cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100608","article-title":"Pharyngeal electrical stimulation for neurogenic dysphagia following stroke, traumatic brain injury or other causes: Main results from the PHADER cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Bath","year":"2020","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florea, C., Br\u00e4umann, C., Mussger, C., Leis, S., Hauer, L., Sellner, J., and Golaszewski, S.M. (2020). Therapy of Dysphagia by Prolonged Pharyngeal Electrical Stimulation (Phagenyx) in a Patient with Brainstem Infarction. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10050256"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-021-10271-x","article-title":"The Role of the Cerebellum in Swallowing","volume":"38","author":"Sasegbon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2021.02.006","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of non-invasive neurostimulation therapies for poststroke dysphagia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6259693","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6259693","article-title":"High-Frequency Cerebellar rTMS Improves the Swallowing Function of Patients with Dysphagia after Brainstem Stroke","volume":"2022","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00417897","article-title":"A penetration-aspiration scale","volume":"11","author":"Rosenbek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1118","article-title":"The Functional Dysphagia Scale Using Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study in Stroke Patients","volume":"23","author":"Han","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Korean Acad. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-020-05787-x","article-title":"The effects of unilateral and bilateral cerebellar rTMS on human pharyngeal motor cortical activity and swallowing behavior","volume":"238","author":"Sasegbon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.188482","article-title":"Therapeutic role of rTMS on recovery of dysphagia in patients with lateral medullary syndrome and brainstem infarction","volume":"81","author":"Khedr","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2016.04.008","article-title":"Restoration of normal swallowing function in Wallenberg syndrome by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and surgery","volume":"59","author":"Verin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.10.021","article-title":"Vagus nerve magnetic modulation facilitates dysphagia recovery in patients with stroke involving the brainstem-A proof of concept study","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.05.023","article-title":"Effect of cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation with double-cone coil on dysphagia after subacute infratentorial stroke: A randomized, single-blinded, controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Zhang, B., Ambler, G., Chen, Q., Huang, H., Lin, H., Fang, S., Liu, N., and Du, H. (2024). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation strategies for post-stroke dysphagia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.12.018"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312474116","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation improves swallowing function in stroke patients","volume":"27","author":"Shigematsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25151","article-title":"Randomized trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for poststroke dysphagia","volume":"83","author":"Ringmaier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-04120-x","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation improves the swallowing function in patients with cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction following a brainstem stroke","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-022-10470-0","article-title":"Improving swallowing function and ability in post stroke dysphagia: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"38","author":"Farpour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05247-6","article-title":"Clinical study on swallowing function of brainstem stroke by tDCS","volume":"43","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.11.049","article-title":"Initial psychometric assessment of a functional oral intake scale for dysphagia in stroke patients","volume":"86","author":"Crary","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00009595","article-title":"The dysphagia outcome and severity scale","volume":"14","author":"Purdy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00437-6","article-title":"Brain polarization in humans: A reappraisal of an old tool for prolonged non-invasive modulation of brain excitability","volume":"114","author":"Priori","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf238","article-title":"Pharmacological approach to the mechanisms of transcranial DC-stimulation-induced after-effects of human motor cortex excitability","volume":"125","author":"Liebetanz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"527","author":"Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1899","article-title":"Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans","volume":"57","author":"Nitsche","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.007","article-title":"Role of cortical cell type and morphology in subthreshold and suprathreshold uniform electric field stimulation in vitro","volume":"2","author":"Radman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.055","article-title":"Magnetoencephalographic evidence for the modulation of cortical swallowing processing by transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"83","author":"Suntrup","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, S., Dou, Z., Wei, X., Li, J., Dai, M., Wang, Y., Yang, Q., and He, H. (2015). Task-concurrent anodal tDCS modulates bilateral plasticity in the human suprahyoid motor cortex. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00370"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13434","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13434","article-title":"Effects of cortical anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on swallowing biomechanics","volume":"30","author":"Doeltgen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.263475","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation reverses neurophysiological and behavioural effects of focal inhibition of human pharyngeal motor cortex on swallowing","volume":"592","author":"Vasant","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, H., Han, Y., Park, G.-Y., Lee, S., Park, H.-Y., and Im, S. (2022). Role of Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met Polymorphism on Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Swallowing. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12030488"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, K., Wu, L., Huang, Y., Chen, Q., Qiu, B., Liang, K., and Ma, R. (2022). Efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation on post-stroke dysphagia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092297"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Speyer, R., Sutt, A.L., Bergstr\u00f6m, L., Hamdy, S., Pomm\u00e9e, T., Balaguer, M., Kaale, A., and Cordier, R. (2022). Neurostimulation in People with Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials-Part II: Brain Neurostimulation. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11040993"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10142-9","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation for post-stroke dysphagia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"268","author":"Marchina","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2022.03.004","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on poststroke dysphagia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"103","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1159\/000518211","article-title":"Noninvasive Brain Stimulation for Poststroke Dysphagia: A Meta-Analysis for Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"85","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13612","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13612","article-title":"Genetic influences on the variability of response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in human pharyngeal motor cortex","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5213","DOI":"10.1113\/JP279977","article-title":"Preconditioning human pharyngeal motor cortex enhances directional metaplasticity induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"598","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001","article-title":"Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines","volume":"128","author":"Antal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"LXXXIX-CXV","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873211039721","article-title":"European Stroke Organisation and European Society for Swallowing Disorders guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of post-stroke dysphagia","volume":"6","author":"Dziewas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Stroke J."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"269","article-title":"Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert guidelines","volume":"1","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90715-7","article-title":"Inputs to the swallowing medullary neurons from the peripheral afferent fibers and the swallowing cortical area","volume":"178","author":"Jean","year":"1979","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(84)90017-1","article-title":"Control of the central swallowing program by inputs from the peripheral receptors. A review","volume":"10","author":"Jean","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(72)90168-9","article-title":"Characteristics of the swallowing reflex induced by peripheral nerve and brain stem stimulation","volume":"34","author":"Miller","year":"1972","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1982.62.1.129","article-title":"Deglutition","volume":"62","author":"Miller","year":"1982","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02407121","article-title":"Neurophysiological basis of swallowing","volume":"1","author":"Miller","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_AJSLP-19-00132","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Physiological Effects of the Effortful Swallow Maneuver in Adults with Normal and Disordered Swallowing","volume":"29","author":"Bahia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-004-0003-8","article-title":"Functional benefits of dysphagia therapy using adjunctive sEMG biofeedback","volume":"19","author":"Crary","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1518","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1997.272.6.G1518","article-title":"Augmentation of deglutitive upper esophageal sphincter opening in the elderly by exercise","volume":"272","author":"Shaker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2004.07.0077","article-title":"Implications of expiratory muscle strength training for rehabilitation of the elderly: Tutorial","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360.0501.23","article-title":"Effect of a tongue-holding maneuver on posterior pharyngeal wall movement during deglutition","volume":"5","author":"Fujiu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01354538","article-title":"The role of the cerebral cortex in swallowing","volume":"8","author":"Martin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-010-9319-8","article-title":"Voluntary versus spontaneous swallowing in man","volume":"26","author":"Ertekin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210100813","article-title":"Parallel cortical networks for volitional control of swallowing in humans","volume":"140","author":"Mosier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e32832b255e","article-title":"Cortical input in control of swallowing","volume":"17","author":"Michou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025671914949","article-title":"Cortical control mechanisms in volitional swallowing: The Bereitschaftspotential","volume":"16","author":"Huckabee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968307300437","article-title":"Influence of combined afferent stimulation and task-specific training following stroke: A pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"McDonnell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02493516","article-title":"Biofeedback in the treatment of a selected dysphagic patient","volume":"6","author":"Bryant","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00009593","article-title":"Outcomes of swallowing rehabilitation in chronic brainstem dysphagia: A retrospective evaluation","volume":"14","author":"Huckabee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1159\/000227997","article-title":"The use of biofeedback in the treatment of chronic dysphagia in stroke patients","volume":"61","author":"Bogaardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr. Logop."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.031","article-title":"Does therapy with biofeedback improve swallowing in adults with dysphagia? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Benfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.06.033","article-title":"Interventions involving biofeedback to improve swallowing in people with parkinson disease and dysphagia: A systematic review","volume":"102","author":"Battel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.3702.187","article-title":"Rehabilitation for Dysphagia Paralytica","volume":"37","author":"Larsen","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Disord."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S225","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/018)","article-title":"Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity: Implications for rehabilitation after brain damage","volume":"51","author":"Kleim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S276","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/021)","article-title":"Swallowing and dysphagia rehabilitation: Translating principles of neural plasticity into clinically oriented evidence","volume":"51","author":"Robbins","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jing, Y.H., Lin, T., Li, W.Q., Wu, C., Li, X., Ding, Q., Wu, M.F., Xu, G.Q., and Lan, Y. (2020). Comparison of activation patterns in mirror neurons and the swallowing network during action observation and execution: A task-based fMRI study. Front. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00867"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-019-09985-w","article-title":"Effects of motor imagery and visual neurofeedback on activation in the swallowing network: A real-time fMRI study","volume":"34","author":"Kober","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-S-18-0128","article-title":"Motor imagery practice and increased tongue strength: A case series feasibility report","volume":"62","author":"Szynkiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.03.001","article-title":"Skill training for swallowing rehabilitation in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"95","author":"Athukorala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-001-0109-1","article-title":"The SWAL\u2013QOL and SWAL\u2013CARE outcomes tool for oropharyngeal dysphagia in adults: III. Documentation of reliability and validity","volume":"17","author":"McHorney","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/89.2.109","article-title":"Clinical measurement of swallowing in health and in neurogenic dysphagia","volume":"89","author":"Hughes","year":"1996","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12628","article-title":"Skill training resulted in improved swallowing in a person with multiple system atrophy: An endoscopy study","volume":"5","author":"Perry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12824","article-title":"An intensive neurorehabilitation programme with sEMG biofeedback to improve swallowing in idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease (IPD): A feasibility study","volume":"58","author":"Battel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-021-10385-2","article-title":"Biofeedback as an adjunctive treatment for post-stroke dysphagia: A pilot-randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Nordio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13437","article-title":"Randomized controlled feasibility trial of swallow strength and skill training with surface electromyographic biofeedback in acute stroke patients with dysphagia","volume":"50","author":"Benfield","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2023.11.019","article-title":"Efficacy of game training combined with surface electromyography biofeedback on post-stroke dysphagia","volume":"55","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geriatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.05.064","article-title":"Pharyngeal mis-sequencing in dysphagia: Characteristics, rehabilitative response, and etiological speculation","volume":"343","author":"Huckabee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s40141-018-0193-x","article-title":"Reconsidering Rehabilitation for Neurogenic Dysphagia: Strengthening Skill in Swallowing","volume":"6","author":"Huckabee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Rep."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_AJSLP-19-00088","article-title":"Motor Learning, Neuroplasticity, and Strength and Skill Training: Moving From Compensation to Retraining in Behavioral Management of Dysphagia","volume":"29","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech-Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-022-10516-3","article-title":"Expanding Rehabilitation Options for Dysphagia: Skill-Based Swallowing Training","volume":"38","author":"Huckabee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.12","article-title":"The neurobiology of swallowing and dysphagia","volume":"14","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00431416","article-title":"Mechanisms of oral sensation","volume":"10","author":"Capra","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12701","article-title":"Localization and expression of TRPV1 and TRPA1 in the human oropharynx and larynx","volume":"28","author":"Rofes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070766","article-title":"Signal transduction. Hot and cold TRP ion channels","volume":"295","author":"Clapham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02196","article-title":"TRP channels as cellular sensors","volume":"426","author":"Clapham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200506210-00015","article-title":"TRPA1 and TRPM8 activation in humans: Effects of cinnamaldehyde and menthol","volume":"16","author":"Namer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.20079","article-title":"Thermosensation and pain","volume":"61","author":"Tominaga","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14220","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14220","article-title":"Effects of pharmacological agents for neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-020-10175-2","article-title":"Effect of TRP-stimulating compounds to reduce swallowing response time in the elderly: A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Benjapornlert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102414553824","article-title":"A human capsaicin model to quantitatively assess salivary CGRP secretion","volume":"35","author":"Schoonman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00996-2","article-title":"Effect of Capsaicinoids on Neurophysiological, Biochemical, and Mechanical Parameters of Swallowing Function","volume":"18","author":"Muhle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-021-10248-w","article-title":"Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in Older People is Associated with Reduced Pharyngeal Sensitivity and Low Substance P and CGRP Concentration in Saliva","volume":"37","author":"Tomsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-017-9867-2","article-title":"Relationship Between Frequency of Spontaneous Swallowing and Salivary Substance P Level in Patients with Acute Stroke","volume":"33","author":"Niimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.009","article-title":"Associations Between Spontaneous Swallowing Frequency at Admission, Dysphagia, and Stroke-Related Outcomes in Acute Care","volume":"100","author":"Carnaby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756284819842043","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284819842043","article-title":"Acute and subacute effects of oropharyngeal sensory stimulation with TRPV1 agonists in older patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia: A biomechanical and neurophysiological randomized pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Tomsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-013-0920-0","article-title":"Effect of oral piperine on the swallow response of patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia","volume":"49","author":"Rofes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300753","article-title":"Natural capsaicinoids improve swallow response in older patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia","volume":"62","author":"Rofes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13821","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13821","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial on the acute therapeutic effect of TRPA1 and TRPM8 agonists in patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia","volume":"32","author":"Tomsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomsen, N., Ortega, O., Alvarez-Berdugo, D., Rofes, L., and Clav\u00e9, P. (2022). A Comparative Study on the Effect of Acute Pharyngeal Stimulation with TRP Agonists on the Biomechanics and Neurophysiology of Swallow Response in Patients with Oropharyngeal Dysphagia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810773"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.00840.x","article-title":"A randomized trial of olfactory stimulation using black pepper oil in older people with swallowing dysfunction","volume":"54","author":"Ebihara","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nascimento, W., Tomsen, N., Acedo, S., Campos-Alcantara, C., Cabib, C., Alvarez-Larruy, M., and Clav\u00e9, P. (2021). Effect of Aging, Gender and Sensory Stimulation of TRPV1 Receptors with Capsaicin on Spontaneous Swallowing Frequency in Patients with Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030461"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.02.008","article-title":"Effects of capsaicin on swallowing function in stroke patients with dysphagia: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940811701210","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10)","volume":"117","author":"Belafsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."}],"container-title":["Audiology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4349\/15\/6\/156\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T10:39:23Z","timestamp":1763030363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4349\/15\/6\/156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"references-count":147,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["audiolres15060156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/audiolres15060156","relation":{},"ISSN":["2039-4349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2039-4349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]}}}