{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T21:19:57Z","timestamp":1780953597738,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Audiology Research"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hearing loss is one of the most common yet often overlooked sensory deficits worldwide, with consequences extending well beyond auditory function. Mounting evidence highlights the complex interrelationships among hearing loss, cognitive decline, and psychosocial well-being. Neural mechanisms underlying this association include increased cognitive load, cortical reorganisation, and social isolation, which mediate the impact of auditory deprivation on the brain and mental health. Furthermore, hearing impairment is consistently associated with a higher risk of depression and anxiety, particularly when the duration of untreated deafness is prolonged. Methods: This narrative review summarises recent longitudinal and neuroimaging studies investigating the effects of hearing loss and the timing of intervention with hearing aids. The review focuses on evidence addressing cognitive, psychological, and neural outcomes in relation to early versus delayed amplification. Results: Across multiple studies, early adoption of hearing aids within a limited timeframe after diagnosis is linked to better cognitive performance, lower depressive symptom scores, and more preserved neural network integrity. Experimental evidence supports the existence of sensitive periods for auditory intervention, during which brain plasticity allows for optimal reorganisation and recovery of function. Conversely, delayed amplification may lead to irreversible cortical changes and persistent psychosocial distress. Despite this, several barriers\u2014healthcare accessibility, patient attitudes, and economic constraints\u2014continue to delay timely intervention. Conclusions: Early identification and management of hearing loss are critical to preserve cognitive and emotional health. An integrated approach addressing both hearing and cognitive well-being, supported by patient education and personalised care strategies, may maximise the benefits of amplification and improve overall quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres16020032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:33:02Z","timestamp":1772101982000},"page":"32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mood and Cognitive Disorders Following Hearing Loss: Impact of Hearing Aid Timing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3947-8116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Alberti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1527-2046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Loteta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2134-8535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Portelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7226-4596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosimo","family":"Galletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna Kore, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Galletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Galletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8127-5045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Lentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Ronsivalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ospedale Gravina Caltagirone Asp 3 Catania, 95041 Caltagirone, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9740-2869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Maira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0845-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me Ren\u00e9","family":"Lechien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laryngology and Broncho-Esophagology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), 7000 Mons, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5034-4210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephane","family":"Gargula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT-HNS Department, La Conception University Hospital, Aix Marseille University, APHM, 13284 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1251-0185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Maniaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna Kore, 94100 Enna, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Laryngology and Broncho-Esophagology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), 7000 Mons, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021). 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