{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:33:12Z","timestamp":1772929992719,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Audiology Research"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether adults with tinnitus exhibit altered phase-specific mandibular kinematics during saliva swallowing and increased prevalence of tongue thrust and Eustachian-tube insufficiency versus tinnitus-free controls. Methods: This was a cross-sectional case\u2013control study including adults with tinnitus and controls. Standardized computerized kinesiography recorded three spontaneous saliva swallows per participant. Primary outcomes were opening\/closing time (OCT) and post-closure stabilization time (STT); total swallowing time (SWT) was secondary. Tongue thrust (TT) and tubal insufficiency (TI) were assessed clinically. Distributional assumptions were checked with Shapiro\u2013Wilk; between-group comparisons used two-sided Mann\u2013Whitney U tests and Fisher\u2019s exact tests (TT, TI). Effect sizes included rank-biserial correlation (r), Hodges\u2013Lehmann median difference (\u0394), and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals. Co-occurrence of TT and TI and their relationships with OCT, STT, and SWT were evaluated within strata (cases vs. controls) using Fisher\u2019s exact test, \u03c6, Mann\u2013Whitney U tests, and Spearman\u2019s \u03c1. Given the marked imbalance in age and sex between groups, unadjusted non-parametric comparisons were complemented by multivariable models with adjustment for age and sex. An omnibus non-parametric combination test summarized case\u2013control differences across OCT, STT, and SWT. Results: Statistical analysis was performed on 77 cases with tinnitus and 78 controls. Tinnitus cases showed longer OCT (1.75 \u00b1 0.92 vs. 1.12 \u00b1 0.62 s; p &lt; 0.001; r \u2248 0.40; \u0394 \u2248 +0.60 s) and STT (1.44 \u00b1 0.88 vs. 0.84 \u00b1 0.62 s; p &lt; 0.001; r \u2248 0.42; \u0394 \u2248 +0.60 s), while SWT differed modestly and was not significant (2.75 \u00b1 0.69 vs. 2.57 \u00b1 0.65 s; p = 0.115; r \u2248 0.15; \u0394 \u2248 +0.18 s). TT was more frequent in cases (18.2%) than controls (6.4%; OR = 3.05, 95% CI 1.08\u20138.61; p = 0.029), whereas TI occurred in 16.9% of cases and 0% of controls (corrected OR = 32.85, 95% CI 1.92\u2013563.49; p &lt; 0.001). Within tinnitus cases, TT and TI did not show meaningful co-occurrence (\u03c6 \u2248 \u22120.03; p = 1.00). TT+ tinnitus patients exhibited markedly prolonged OCT compared with TT\u2212 (median 2.22 vs. 1.45 s; \u0394 \u2248 +0.88 s; r \u2248 0.60; p &lt; 0.001), whereas STT and SWT were minimally affected; TI was not materially associated with any swallowing-time parameter. Spearman analyses confirmed a moderate monotonic association between TT and OCT in tinnitus cases (\u03c1 \u2248 0.40; p &lt; 0.001), with all other correlations small and clinically negligible. Age- and sex-adjusted analyses confirmed longer OCT and STT in tinnitus cases, whereas SWT remained non-significant; TT and TI also remained more frequent in cases after adjustment. The omnibus test indicated a clear global separation between groups across OCT, STT, and SWT (permutation p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Adults with tinnitus exhibit a distinct swallowing signature characterized by prolonged OCT and STT, together with higher prevalence of TT and TI. TT in tinnitus patients is specifically linked to a pronounced prolongation of OCT, while STT and SWT remain largely unchanged, and TI shows no relevant impact on kinematic indices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres16020038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T11:52:11Z","timestamp":1772711531000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mandibular Movement During Swallowing in Patients with Tinnitus: An Instrumented Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Henri Albert","family":"Didier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via della Commenda 10, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Stomatologico Italiano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7514-5624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Di Berardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via della Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Audiology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Lilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Audiology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8116-4108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Zanetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via della Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Audiology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander Henri","family":"Didier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Hirslanden, 1224 Geneve, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Raponi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, 20124 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saverio Joshua","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via della Commenda 10, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via della Commenda 10, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6209-9873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Farronato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via della Commenda 10, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5078-7284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Boccalari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via della Commenda 10, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4680-0989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Serafin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via della Commenda 10, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8264-7320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Caprioglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via della Commenda 10, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dental Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dino","family":"Re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via della Commenda 10, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Stomatologico Italiano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5983-9674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo Bruno","family":"Giann\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via della Commenda 10, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Stomatologico Italiano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.2189","article-title":"Global Prevalence and Incidence of Tinnitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Jarach","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA 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