{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T13:17:25Z","timestamp":1775135845983,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Audiology Research"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Receptive vocabulary is essential for children\u2019s language, academic, and cognitive development. While cochlear implants (CIs) help children with severe to profound hearing loss develop spoken language, their vocabulary skills often fall behind their typical hearing (TH) peers, although early implantation and auditory-verbal therapy (AVT) can help narrow this gap. Children with CIs and other developmental difficulties face additional challenges, but can still progress, with outcomes depending on the disabilities\u2019 type and severity. Limited research exists on Arabic-speaking children with CIs, where cultural factors may delay intervention, and outcomes vary widely. It remains unclear how well these children develop receptive vocabulary compared to hearing peers and which factors influence their progress. Methodology: A multicenter, cross-sectional study in six GCC hospitals compared 103 children with CIs to a control group of 94 children with TH. Children with CIs were divided into those with and without additional difficulties. Receptive vocabulary was evaluated utilizing the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Fifth Edition. Results: Children with CIs in the GCC scored lower (mean 89.5; SD = 20.5) than the TH control group (mean 104; SD = 16.8). Children with CIs without additional difficulties (mean 97.7; SD = 18.8) scored similarly to TH, while children with CIs and additional difficulties scored significantly lower (mean 76.7; SD = 15). Age at switch-on and presence of additional difficulties significantly affected receptive vocabulary outcomes. Conclusions: Children with CI who have no additional disabilities can reach receptive vocabulary levels similar to typical hearing peers, while those with extra difficulties show very diverse outcomes and continue to face challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres16020053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T11:51:03Z","timestamp":1775130663000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Receptive Vocabulary Outcomes in Children with Cochlear Implants with and Without Additional Difficulties: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9914-3532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beauty","family":"Hariz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2221-1308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Latifa","family":"Alkoheji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama 2904, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Alsaeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheikh Salem Al-Ali Centre for Hearing and Speech, Shuwaikh Industrial, Safat 13041, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amany","family":"Tahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Audiology & AVT Department, Cochlear Implant Center, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0228-8777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahad","family":"Alhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Audiology & AVT Department, Cochlear Implant Center, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maram","family":"Alhedaithy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Audiology & AVT Department, Cochlear Implant Center, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara Ali","family":"AlKhamiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah Ear Specialist Center, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 12629, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hasna\u2019a","family":"Shathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochlear Arabia Regional Headquarters, Riyadh 12361, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toga","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Audiology & Speech Department, UHUD General Hospital, Medina 42354, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salam","family":"Orabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochlear Arabia Regional Headquarters, Riyadh 12361, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2103-9043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"El-Deek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Al Jalila Children\u2019s Specialty Hospital, Dubai P.O. Box 7662, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Cay\u00e9-Thomasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5904-3879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lone","family":"Percy-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2025.08.003","article-title":"Developmental Trajectories of Young Rural Chinese Children\u2019s Skills in Mathematics and Word Reading: The Roles of Cognitive-Linguistic Skills","volume":"74","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Early Child. 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