{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T18:12:27Z","timestamp":1777745547156,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Audiology Research"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Tinnitus and reactions to the tinnitus are different dimensions that can be explored in research and in clinical settings. Notably, these dimensions can elucidate priorities and the most problematic areas for patient-centered approaches. The aim of this study is to determine how tinnitus is perceived and impacts people who have experienced tinnitus for different durations. Methods: People with tinnitus were invited to participate in a survey at the University of Iowa Tinnitus Website. 709 people responded and documented their perceived sound, problems experienced, and duration of tinnitus. We assessed correlations between the duration of tinnitus and the pitch rating, the loudness rating, and the Tinnitus Primary Function Questionnaire scores. Additionally, we performed a multiple linear regression analysis, considering the dependent variable \u2018duration of tinnitus\u2019, to explore associations between duration of tinnitus and the aforementioned factors. This was a cross-sectional study based on comparisons of responses from patients with different tinnitus durations, rather than examining the same patients longitudinally. Results: The analysis demonstrated that respondents with a longer duration of tinnitus reported higher loudness ratings (p = 0.010). However, their reactions to tinnitus (Tinnitus Primary Function Questionnaire) were associated with a decrease compared with a shorter duration of tinnitus (p = 0.048). There was no association between pitch rating and duration of tinnitus. Conclusions: Our findings indicated louder tinnitus was associated with a longer duration of tinnitus. However, in general, the functional impact of the tinnitus was associated with a decrease. Notably, there was considerable variability among individuals, suggesting that additional factors contribute to these relationships. These findings can be considered in treatment decisions and counseling strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres16030064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:34:42Z","timestamp":1777458882000},"page":"64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tinnitus and Reactions to Tinnitus: A Cross-Sectional Survey Across Different Tinnitus Durations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anna Carolina Marques Perrella de","family":"Barros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Obermann Center of Advanced Studies, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA"},{"name":"Tinnitus and Sound Intolerance Group, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04021-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel Isaac","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2101-4714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard S.","family":"Tyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA"},{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Humes, L.E., Joellenbeck, L.M., and Durch, J.S. (2005). Tinnitus. Noise and Military Service: Implications for Hearing Loss and Tinnitus, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyler, R.S., and Perreau, A. (2022). Neurophysiological Models, Psychological Models, and Treatments for Tinnitus. Tinnitus Treatment: Clinical Protocols, Thieme. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1055\/b-0042-189031"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)66048-8","article-title":"Clinical trials for tinnitus: Study populations, designs, measurement variables, and data analysis","volume":"166","author":"Tyler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_AJA-13-0014","article-title":"Development and validation of the Tinnitus Primary Function Questionnaire","volume":"23","author":"Tyler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"The Jamovi Project (2026, February 26). jamovi, Available online: https:\/\/www.jamovi.org."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"R Core Team (2026, February 26). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.12","article-title":"Maladaptive plasticity in tinnitus\u2014Triggers, mechanisms and treatment","volume":"12","author":"Shore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2017.12.002","article-title":"Tinnitus and sound intolerance: Evidence and experience of a Brazilian group","volume":"84","author":"Onishi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyler, R.S., and Perreau, A. (2022). Tinnitus Activities Treatment. Tinnitus Treatment: Clinical Protocols, Thieme. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1055\/b-0042-189031"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Q., Jiang, W., Sheng, H., Zhang, Q., Jin, D., Li, H., Huang, M., Yang, L., Ren, Y., and Huang, Z. (2025). Does tinnitus and emotional distress influence central auditory processing?. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0327777"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-07023-w","article-title":"Auditory processing in normally hearing individuals with and without tinnitus","volume":"279","author":"Gos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-024-08844-1","article-title":"The impact of tinnitus on speech perception in noise: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"281","author":"Madhukesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19851","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76942-1","article-title":"Tinnitus impairs segregation of competing speech in normal-hearing listeners","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2019.01.011","article-title":"Auditory attention in individuals with tinnitus","volume":"86","author":"Lima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)66041-5","article-title":"Tinnitus activities treatment","volume":"166","author":"Tyler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020601102329","article-title":"Severe tinnitus and its effect on selective and divided attention","volume":"46","author":"Stevens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards, H.M., Jackson, J.G., and Evans, H. (2022). Neuroticism as a covariate of cognitive task performance in individuals with tinnitus. Front. Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.906476"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12340","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12340","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of continuous subjective tinnitus on attention and habituation","volume":"9","author":"Vasudevan","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71094","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71094","article-title":"Applications of the Stroop paradigm in tinnitus: A scoping review","volume":"15","author":"Barros","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghodratitoostani, I., Zana, Y., Delbem, A.C., Sani, S.S., Ekhtiari, H., and Sanchez, T.G. (2016). Theoretical tinnitus framework: A neurofunctional model. Front. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00370"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1044\/1059-0889(2008\/004)","article-title":"Establishing a tinnitus clinic in your practice","volume":"17","author":"Tyler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.18027","article-title":"Tinnitus sound therapy trial shows effectiveness for those with tinnitus","volume":"31","author":"Tyler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"4","article-title":"What to tell your tinnitus patients who want a pill!","volume":"6","author":"Tyler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McFerran, D.J., Stockdale, D., Holme, R., Large, C.H., and Baguley, D.M. (2019). Why is there no cure for tinnitus?. Front. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00802"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62630-1.00023-8","article-title":"Tinnitus","volume":"Volume 129","author":"Levine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59445-3","article-title":"Tinnitus risk factors and its evolution over time","volume":"16","author":"Hobeika","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-024-00939-0","article-title":"Tinnitus: Clinical insights in its pathophysiology\u2014A perspective","volume":"25","author":"Langguth","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26627","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26627","article-title":"What is the role of the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus in the persistence of tinnitus?","volume":"45","author":"Berger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.21053\/ceo.2022.00815","article-title":"Tinnitus and the triple network model: A perspective","volume":"15","author":"Vanneste","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meijers, S.M., Lieftink, A.F., Stegeman, I., and Smit, A.L. (2020). Coping in chronic tinnitus patients. Front. Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.570989"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patil, J.D., Alrashid, M.A., Eltabbakh, A., and Fredericks, S. (2023). The association between stress, emotional states, and tinnitus: A mini-review. Front. Aging Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1131979"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Baguley, D.M., and Fagelson, M. (2016). Managing tinnitus in adults: Audiological strategies. Tinnitus: Clinical and Research Perspectives, Plural Publishing."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4162","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83068-5","article-title":"The progression of chronic tinnitus over the years","volume":"11","author":"Neff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2025.109299","article-title":"Short- and long-term changes in auditory sensitivity and tinnitus distress between acute and chronic tinnitus: Longitudinal observation in a community-based sample","volume":"463","author":"Umashankar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"NP565","article-title":"Correlation between tinnitus handicap and depression and anxiety scores","volume":"104","author":"Mavrogeni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"S50","article-title":"Tinnitus and influencing comorbidities","volume":"102","author":"Mazurek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Laryngorhinootologie"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.19022","article-title":"An exploratory step toward measuring the \u201cmeaning of life\u201d in patients with tinnitus and in cochlear implant users","volume":"31","author":"Tyler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-024-00926-5","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in subjective, chronic tinnitus patients: A scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Demoen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."}],"container-title":["Audiology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4349\/16\/3\/64\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:40:58Z","timestamp":1777462858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4349\/16\/3\/64"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["audiolres16030064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/audiolres16030064","relation":{},"ISSN":["2039-4349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2039-4349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]}}}