{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T13:40:23Z","timestamp":1782394823372,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Automation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present paper, the use of programmable microprocessors to develop a computerized stand for the preparation of a mixture of flammable\/toxic\/explosive gases in order to obtain mixtures at concentrations in explosive range is presented. The operating principle of the stand is based on the mixing of two volumetric flows, controlled with the help of microprocessors, where gases are stored and circulated at atmospheric pressure through cylindrical injectors, driven by stepper motors so that the gas circuit does not require valves. The exit of the stand is a homogenization chamber, with agitator and sensor to confirm the desired concentration of the mixture. This automated stand eliminates mechanical, electric or pneumatic valves from the gas circuits, avoiding elements with high mechanical resistance suitable for high pressures\/depressions, removing the possibility of the return of the gas flow, without sensitivity to sudden pressures variations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/automation5030015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T08:45:34Z","timestamp":1719996334000},"page":"246-258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Development of a Programmable System Used for the Preparation of a Mixture of Flammable\/Explosive Gases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5603-6828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian Bogdan","family":"Simon Marinica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research & Development in Mine Safety and Protection to Explosion, INSEMEX Petrosani, 332047 Petrosani, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George Artur","family":"Gaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research & Development in Mine Safety and Protection to Explosion, INSEMEX Petrosani, 332047 Petrosani, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Pupazan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research & Development in Mine Safety and Protection to Explosion, INSEMEX Petrosani, 332047 Petrosani, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilian","family":"Ghicioi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research & Development in Mine Safety and Protection to Explosion, INSEMEX Petrosani, 332047 Petrosani, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8746-3013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florin","family":"Manea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research & Development in Mine Safety and Protection to Explosion, INSEMEX Petrosani, 332047 Petrosani, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8185-6019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius Cornel","family":"Suvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research & Development in Mine Safety and Protection to Explosion, INSEMEX Petrosani, 332047 Petrosani, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Prodan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research & Development in Mine Safety and Protection to Explosion, INSEMEX Petrosani, 332047 Petrosani, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niculina Sonia","family":"Suvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research & Development in Mine Safety and Protection to Explosion, INSEMEX Petrosani, 332047 Petrosani, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gheorghe Daniel","family":"Florea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research & Development in Mine Safety and Protection to Explosion, INSEMEX Petrosani, 332047 Petrosani, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Laszlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research & Development in Mine Safety and Protection to Explosion, INSEMEX Petrosani, 332047 Petrosani, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Penner, S., and Mullins, B. (1959). Explosions, Detonations, Flammability and Ignition, Pergamon Press."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Coward, H., and Jones, G. (1952). Limits of Flammability of Gases and Vapors, U.S. Bureau of Mines Bull. Bulletin 503."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zabetakis, M. (1965). Flammability Characteristics of Combustible Gases and Vapors, U.S. Bureau of Mines Bull. Bulletin 627.","DOI":"10.2172\/7328370"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Lewis, B., and Elbe, G. (1987). Combustion, Flames and Explosion of Gases, Academic Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Linnett, J., and Simpson, C. (1945, January 19\u201324). Limits of inflammability. Proceedings of the 6th Symposium (International) on Combustion, New Haven, CT, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egerton, A., Everett, A., and Minkoff, J. (1952, January 1\u20135). Some observations by schileren technique of the propagation of flames in a closed vessel. Proceedings of the 4th Symposium (International) on Combustion, Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(53)80055-X"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Martinengo, A., and Wagner, H. (1972). Landolt-Bornstein-Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik-Chemie-Astronomie-Geophysik und Technik 4, Springer. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Berthold, W., Giesbrecht, H., Loffler, U., Murer, B., and Schliephake, V. (1992). Safety through Testing. Safety Characteristics for Evaluating Fire and Explosion Hazards, BASF Aktiengesellschaft. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2017.03.001","article-title":"Propagation indices of methane-air explosions in closed vessels","volume":"47","author":"Mitu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. 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Available online: https:\/\/www.makerguides.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/TB6600-Manual.pdf."}],"container-title":["Automation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-4052\/5\/3\/15\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:08:49Z","timestamp":1760108929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-4052\/5\/3\/15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["automation5030015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/automation5030015","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]}}}