{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:56:40Z","timestamp":1787500600928,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Foundation Ireland","award":["16\/FRL\/3886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/FRL\/3886"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation Ireland","award":["18\/RI\/5702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/RI\/5702"]}]},{"name":"The City of Dublin Skin and Cancer Hospital Charity","award":["16\/FRL\/3886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/FRL\/3886"]}]},{"name":"The City of Dublin Skin and Cancer Hospital Charity","award":["18\/RI\/5702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/RI\/5702"]}]},{"name":"The Comprehensive Molecular Analytical Platform (CMAP)","award":["16\/FRL\/3886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/FRL\/3886"]}]},{"name":"The Comprehensive Molecular Analytical Platform (CMAP)","award":["18\/RI\/5702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/RI\/5702"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Melanin, a light and free radical absorbing pigment, is produced in melanocyte cells that are found in skin, but also in hair follicles, eyes, the inner ear, heart, brain and other organs. Melanin synthesis is the result of a complex network of signaling and metabolic reactions. It therefore comes as no surprise that mutations in many of the genes involved are associated with various types of pigmentation diseases and phenotypes (\u2018pigmentation genes\u2019). Here, we used bioinformatics tools to first reconstruct gene-disease\/phenotype associations for all pigmentation genes. Next, we reconstructed protein\u2013protein interaction (PPI) networks centered around pigmentation gene products (\u2018pigmentation proteins\u2019) and supplemented the PPI networks with protein expression information obtained by mass spectrometry in a panel of melanoma cell lines (both pigment producing and non-pigment producing cells). The analysis provides a systems network representation of all genes\/ proteins centered around pigmentation and melanin biosynthesis pathways (\u2018pigmentation network map\u2019). Our work will enable the pigmentation research community to experimentally test new hypothesis arising from the pigmentation network map and to identify new targets for drug discovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10010013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T01:33:12Z","timestamp":1671672792000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Disease\u2013Gene Networks of Skin Pigmentation Disorders and Reconstruction of Protein\u2013Protein Interaction Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1890-3211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cian","family":"D\u2019Arcy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Biology Ireland and UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Bass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Biology Ireland and UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5228-3896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Junk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Biology Ireland and UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2596-6998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Sevrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Biology Ireland and UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1257-359X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Oliviero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieran","family":"Wynne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, and Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6175-9630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melinda","family":"Halasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, and Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8454-6008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Kiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Biology Ireland and UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00044.2003","article-title":"Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation","volume":"84","author":"Slominski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. 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