{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:35:13Z","timestamp":1790663713375,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["62071059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071059"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["92059105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92059105"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["2021YFE0203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0203200"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["RDG2021-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RDG2021-03"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["2021PHB169-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021PHB169-001"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["62071059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071059"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["92059105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92059105"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFE0203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0203200"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["RDG2021-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RDG2021-03"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021PHB169-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021PHB169-001"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Fund of Peking University People\u2019s Hospital","award":["62071059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071059"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Fund of Peking University People\u2019s Hospital","award":["92059105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92059105"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Fund of Peking University People\u2019s Hospital","award":["2021YFE0203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0203200"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Fund of Peking University People\u2019s Hospital","award":["RDG2021-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RDG2021-03"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Fund of Peking University People\u2019s Hospital","award":["2021PHB169-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021PHB169-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and breast cancer are common female breast diseases and pose a serious health threat to women. Early diagnosis of breast cancer and DCIS can help to develop targeted treatment plans in time. In this paper, we investigated the feasibility of using Raman spectroscopy combined with convolutional neural network (CNN) to discriminate between healthy volunteers, breast cancer and DCIS patients. Raman spectra were collected from the sera of 241 healthy volunteers, 463 breast cancer and 100 DCIS patients, and a total of 804 spectra were recorded. The pre-processed Raman spectra were used as the input of CNN to establish a model to classify the three different spectra. After using cross-validation to optimize its hyperparameters, the model\u2019s final classification performance was assessed using an unknown test set. For comparison with other machine learning algorithms, we additionally built models using support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF) and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) methods. The final accuracies for CNN, SVM, RF and KNN were 98.76%, 94.63%, 80.99% and 78.93%, respectively. The values for area under curve (AUC) were 0.999, 0.994, 0.931 and 0.900, respectively. Therefore, our study results demonstrate that CNN outperforms three traditional algorithms in terms of classification performance for Raman spectral data and can be a useful auxiliary diagnostic tool of breast cancer and DCIS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10010065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T02:28:53Z","timestamp":1672885733000},"page":"65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Rapid Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ and Breast Cancer Based on Raman Spectroscopy of Serum Combined with Convolutional Neural Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Xianglei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Center, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Center, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Center, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guohua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8651-4795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Center, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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