{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:45:50Z","timestamp":1790682350021,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ataxia Charlevoix-Saguenay Foundation"},{"name":"National Ataxia Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study of neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, Huntington\u2019s disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is very complex due to the difficulty in investigating the cellular dynamics within nervous tissue. Despite numerous advances in the in vivo study of these diseases, the use of in vitro analyses is proving to be a valuable tool to better understand the mechanisms implicated in these diseases. Although neural cells remain difficult to obtain from patient tissues, access to induced multipotent stem cell production now makes it possible to generate virtually all neural cells involved in these diseases (from neurons to glial cells). Many original 3D culture model approaches are currently being developed (using these different cell types together) to closely mimic degenerative nervous tissue environments. The aim of these approaches is to allow an interaction between glial cells and neurons, which reproduces pathophysiological reality by co-culturing them in structures that recapitulate embryonic development or facilitate axonal migration, local molecule exchange, and myelination (to name a few). This review details the advantages and disadvantages of techniques using scaffolds, spheroids, organoids, 3D bioprinting, microfluidic systems, and organ-on-a-chip strategies to model neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10010093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T05:26:31Z","timestamp":1673414791000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["In Vitro 3D Modeling of Neurodegenerative Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Louit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Galbraith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3580-0297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Berthod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30403-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Collaborators","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30404-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of motor neuron diseases 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"17","author":"Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"17","author":"Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4090","article-title":"Trial watch: Phase II and phase III attrition rates 2011\u20132012","volume":"12","author":"Arrowsmith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. 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