{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:47:39Z","timestamp":1760147259923,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NIH-NINDS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS091836","AG067758","2000009148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS091836","AG067758","2000009148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS091836","AG067758","2000009148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS091836","AG067758","2000009148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000209","name":"National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS091836","AG067758","2000009148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS091836","AG067758","2000009148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000209","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fast Blue (FB) and Cholera Toxin-B (CTB) are two retrograde tracers extensively used to label alpha-motoneurons (\u03b1-MNs). The overall goals of the present study were to (1) assess the effectiveness of different FB and CTB protocols in labeling \u03b1-MNs, (2) compare the labeling quality of these tracers at standard concentrations reported in the literature (FB 2% and CTB 0.1%) versus lower concentrations to overcome tracer leakage, and (3) determine an optimal protocol for labeling \u03b1-MNs in young B6SJL and aged C57Bl\/J mice (when axonal transport is disrupted by aging). Hindlimb muscles of young B6SJL and aged C57Bl\/J mice were intramuscularly injected with different FB or CTB concentrations and then euthanized at either 3 or 5 days after injection. Measurements were performed to assess labeling quality via seven different parameters. Our results show that tracer protocols of lower concentration and shorter labeling durations were generally better in labeling young \u03b1-MNs, whereas tracer protocols of higher tracer concentration and longer labeling durations were generally better in labeling aged \u03b1-MNs. A 0.2%, 3-day FB protocol provided optimal labeling of young \u03b1-MNs without tracer leakage, whereas a 2%, 5-day FB protocol or 0.1% CTB protocol provided optimal labeling of aged \u03b1-MNs. These results inform future studies on the selection of optimal FB and CTB protocols for \u03b1-MNs labeling in normal, aging, and neurodegenerative disease conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10020141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T06:52:41Z","timestamp":1674197561000},"page":"141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fast Blue and Cholera Toxin-B Survival Guide for Alpha-Motoneurons Labeling: Less Is Better in Young B6SJL Mice, but More Is Better in Aged C57Bl\/J Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hasan","family":"Farid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weston","family":"Gelford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Industrial, and Human Factors Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lori","family":"Goss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Garrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6227-3894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherif","family":"Elbasiouny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Industrial, and Human Factors Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(71)90044-8","article-title":"Retrograde axonal transport of protein","volume":"29","author":"Kristensson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(90)90264-Z","article-title":"Fluorescent dextrans as sensitive anterograde neuroanatomical tracers: Applications and pitfalls","volume":"25","author":"Nance","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res. 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