{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:15:17Z","timestamp":1787764517512,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]],"date-time":"2023-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last two decades, haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been explored as a potential therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases refractory to conventional treatments, including neurological disorders. Although both autologous (AHSCT) and allogeneic HSCT (allo-HSCT) were investigated, AHSCT was preferentially developed due to a more favourable safety profile compared to allo-HSCT. Multiple sclerosis (MS) represents the most frequent neurological indication for AHSCT, but increasing evidence on the potential effectiveness of transplant in other autoimmune neurological diseases is emerging, although with a risk-benefit ratio overall more uncertain than in MS. In the present work, the rationale for the use of HSCT in neurological diseases and the experimental models that prompted its clinical application will be briefly covered. Case series and prospective studies exploring the use of HSCT in autoimmune diseases other than MS will be discussed, covering both frequent and rare neurological disorders such as myasthenia gravis, myopathies, and stiff-person syndrome. Finally, an updated summary of ongoing and future studies focusing on this issue will be provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10020176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T02:54:37Z","timestamp":1675047277000},"page":"176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Autoimmune Neurological Diseases: An Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1869-7067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Mariottini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Drug and Child Health, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurology 2, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Bulgarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Drug and Child Health, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2918-4627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Cornacchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Drug and Child Health, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Damato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Drug and Child Health, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurology 2, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Saccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Therapy and Transfusion Medicine Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Massacesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Drug and Child Health, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurology 2, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-019-0684-0","article-title":"Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and other cellular therapy in multiple sclerosis and immune-mediated neurological diseases: Updated guidelines and recommendations from the ebmt autoimmune diseases working party (adwp) and the joint accreditation committee of ebmt and isct (jacie)","volume":"55","author":"Sharrack","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Saccardi, R. 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