{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T20:08:08Z","timestamp":1775678888995,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As part of our quest for digital biomarkers of neuromuscular aging, and encouraged by recent findings in healthy volunteers, this study investigated if the instantaneous median frequency (IMDF) derived from back muscle surface electromyographic (SEMG) data monitored during cyclic back extensions could reliably differentiate between younger and older individuals with cLBP. A total of 243 persons with cLBP participated in three experimental sessions: at baseline, one to two days after the first session, and then again approximately six weeks later. During each session, the study participants performed a series of three isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) of back extensors using a dynamometer. These were followed by an isometric back extension at 80% MVC, and\u2014after a break\u201425 slow cyclic back extensions at 50% MVC. SEMG data were recorded bilaterally at L5 (multifidus), L2 (longissimus dorsi), and L1 (iliocostalis lumborum). Linear mixed-effects models found the IMDF-SEMG time-course changes more rapidly in younger than in older individuals, and more prominently in male participants. The absolute and relative reliabilities of the SEMG time\u2013frequency representations were well compared between older and younger participants. The results indicated an overall good relative reliability, but variable absolute reliability levels. IMDF-SEMG estimates derived from cyclic back extensions proved to be successful in reliably detecting differences in back muscle function in younger vs. older persons with cLBP. These findings encourage further research, with a focus on assessing whether an IMDF-SEMG-based index could be utilized as a tool to achieve the preclinical detection of back muscle aging, and possibly predict the development of back muscle sarcopenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10030300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T02:01:51Z","timestamp":1677549711000},"page":"300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Back Muscle Surface Electromyography-Based Fatigue Index: A Digital Biomarker of Human Neuromuscular Aging?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Gerold","family":"Ebenbichler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl-Landsteiner-Institute of Outpatient Rehabilitation Research, 1230 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3763-7075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Habenicht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl-Landsteiner-Institute of Outpatient Rehabilitation Research, 1230 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Blohm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl-Landsteiner-Institute of Outpatient Rehabilitation Research, 1230 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Bonato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Kollmitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, TGM College for Higher Vocational Education, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Mair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kienbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl-Landsteiner-Institute of Outpatient Rehabilitation Research, 1230 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688526","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.688526","article-title":"Sarcopenia: What Is the Origin of This Aging-Induced Disorder?","volume":"12","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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