{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T23:09:18Z","timestamp":1773702558916,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5 F31 EB030904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 F31 EB030904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University at Buffalo Impact Grant","award":["5 F31 EB030904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 F31 EB030904"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The pelvic floor is a bowl-shaped complex of multiple muscles and fascia, which functions to support the pelvic organs, and it aids in controlling continence. In pelvic floor disease, this complex becomes weakened or damaged leading to urinary, fecal incontinence, and pelvic organ prolapse. It is unclear whether the position of the body impacts the forces on the pelvic floor. Purpose: The primary objective of this work is to measure force applied to the pelvic floor of a cadaver in sitting, standing, supine, and control positions. The secondary objective is to map the forces across the pelvic floor. Methods: An un-embalmed female cadaver without pelvic floor dysfunction was prepared for pelvic floor pressure measurement using a pressure sensory array placed on top of the pelvic floor, and urodynamic catheters were placed in the hollow of the sacrum, the retropubic space, and at the vaginal apex. Pressure measurements were recorded with the cadaver in the supine position, sitting cushioned without external pelvic floor support, and standing. Pressure array data were analyzed along with imaging of the cadaver. Together, these data were mapped into a three-dimensional reconstruction of the pressure points in pelvic floor and corresponding pelvic organs. Results: pressures were higher at the symphysis than in the hollow of the sacrum in the standing position. Pressure array measurements were lowest in the standing position and highest in the sitting position. Three-dimensional reconstruction confirmed the location and accuracy of our measurements. Conclusions: The findings of increased pressures behind the symphysis are in line with the higher incidence of anterior compartment prolapse. Our findings support our hypothesis that the natural shape and orientation of the pelvis in the standing position shields the pelvic floor from downward forces of the viscera.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10030329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T02:28:34Z","timestamp":1678069714000},"page":"329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pelvic Floor Pressures Differ Based on Location in the Pelvis and Body Position: A Cadaver Mode"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Tova","family":"Ablove","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203-1121, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"DeRosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203-1121, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1700-4203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203-1121, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katelyn","family":"Benson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203-1121, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Mendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203-1121, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203-1121, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S2","article-title":"Female Pelvic Floor Anatomy: The Pelvic Floor, Supporting Structures, and Pelvic Organs","volume":"6","author":"Herschorn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000057","article-title":"Prevalence and Trends of Symptomatic Pelvic Floor Disorders in U.S. Women","volume":"123","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.11.1311","article-title":"Prevalence of symptomatic pelvic floor disorders in US women","volume":"300","author":"Nygaard","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2022, August 29). What Are PFDs?\u2013About | Voices for PFD. Available online: https:\/\/www.voicesforpfd.org\/about\/what-are-pfds\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2019.04.010","article-title":"Pelvic Floor Disorders","volume":"46","author":"Good","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.067","article-title":"Physical activity and the pelvic floor","volume":"214","author":"Nygaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S187417","article-title":"Depression symptoms in women with pelvic floor dysfunction: A case-control study","volume":"11","author":"Mazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2019.05.007","article-title":"Pelvic Floor Dysfunction And Its Effect On Quality Of Sexual Life","volume":"7","author":"Verbeek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.01.015","article-title":"Costs of ambulatory care related to female pelvic floor disorders in the United States","volume":"202","author":"Sung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Pressure Profile Systems Inc. (2022, August 30). Systems\u00ae|Tactile Pressure Mapping Systems. Available online: https:\/\/pressureprofile.com\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2022, August 30). Laborie. Available online: https:\/\/www.laborie.com\/."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Pressure Profile Systems Inc. (2022, August 30). Chameleon Visualization Software. Available online: https:\/\/pressureprofile.com\/sensor-systems\/software.Date."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2022, August 30). R: The R Project for Statistical Computing. v4.1.3. Available online: https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.05.001","article-title":"3D Slicer as an Image Computing Platform for the Quantitative Imaging Network","volume":"30","author":"Fedorov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jolesz, F.A. (2014). Intraoperative Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7657-3"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Cignoni, P., Callieri, M., Corsini, M., Dellepiane, M., Ganovelli, F., and Ranzuglia, G. (2008, January 2\u20134). MeshLab: An Open-Source Mesh Processing Tool. Proceedings of the Eurographics Italian Chapter Conference, Salerno, Italy."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20348","article-title":"Reference urodynamic values for stress incontinent women","volume":"26","author":"Nager","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10066","article-title":"Good urodynamic practices: Uroflowmetry, filling cystometry, and pressure-flow studies","volume":"21","author":"Abrams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480106700308","article-title":"What is normal intra-abdominal pressure?","volume":"67","author":"Sanchez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02765589","article-title":"The relationship of body mass index to intra-abdominal pressure as measured by multichannel cystometry","volume":"8","author":"Noblett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J. Pelvic Floor Dysfunct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.889845","article-title":"Intra-abdominal pressures during activity in women using an intra-vaginal pressure transducer","volume":"32","author":"Shaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1381\/096089205774512546","article-title":"Intra-abdominal pressure in the morbidly obese","volume":"15","author":"Lambert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2006.03849.x","article-title":"Determining normal values for intra-abdominal pressure","volume":"76","author":"Chionh","year":"2006","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/10\/3\/329\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:48:35Z","timestamp":1760122115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/10\/3\/329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering10030329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering10030329","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]}}}