{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T15:18:14Z","timestamp":1792336694499,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BONFOR GEROK Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn","award":["O-137.0030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["O-137.0030"]}]},{"name":"BONFOR GEROK Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn","award":["O-137.0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["O-137.0031"]}]},{"name":"BONFOR GEROK Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn","award":["3\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3\/22"]}]},{"name":"BONFOR GEROK Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn","award":["01EJ2206A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EJ2206A"]}]},{"name":"Ernst und Berta Grimmke Foundation","award":["O-137.0030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["O-137.0030"]}]},{"name":"Ernst und Berta Grimmke Foundation","award":["O-137.0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["O-137.0031"]}]},{"name":"Ernst und Berta Grimmke Foundation","award":["3\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3\/22"]}]},{"name":"Ernst und Berta Grimmke Foundation","award":["01EJ2206A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EJ2206A"]}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["O-137.0030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["O-137.0030"]}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["O-137.0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["O-137.0031"]}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["3\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3\/22"]}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01EJ2206A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EJ2206A"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Bonn","award":["O-137.0030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["O-137.0030"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Bonn","award":["O-137.0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["O-137.0031"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Bonn","award":["3\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3\/22"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Bonn","award":["01EJ2206A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EJ2206A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables in vivo diagnostics of individual retinal layers in the living human eye. However, improved imaging resolution could aid diagnosis and monitoring of retinal diseases and identify potential new imaging biomarkers. The investigational high-resolution OCT platform (High-Res OCT; 853 nm central wavelength, 3 \u00b5m axial-resolution) has an improved axial resolution by shifting the central wavelength and increasing the light source bandwidth compared to a conventional OCT device (880 nm central wavelength, 7 \u00b5m axial-resolution). To assess the possible benefit of a higher resolution, we compared the retest reliability of retinal layer annotation from conventional and High-Res OCT, evaluated the use of High-Res OCT in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and assessed differences of both devices on subjective image quality. Thirty eyes of 30 patients with early\/intermediate AMD (iAMD; mean age 75 \u00b1 8 years) and 30 eyes of 30 age-similar subjects without macular changes (62 \u00b1 17 years) underwent identical OCT imaging on both devices. Inter- and intra-reader reliability were analyzed for manual retinal layer annotation using EyeLab. Central OCT B-scans were graded for image quality by two graders and a mean-opinion-score (MOS) was formed and evaluated. Inter- and intra-reader reliability were higher for High-Res OCT (greatest benefit for inter-reader reliability: ganglion cell layer; for intra-reader reliability: retinal nerve fiber layer). High-Res OCT was significantly associated with an improved MOS (MOS 9\/8, Z-value = 5.4, p &lt; 0.01) mainly due to improved subjective resolution (9\/7, Z-Value 6.2, p &lt; 0.01). The retinal pigment epithelium drusen complex showed a trend towards improved retest reliability in High-Res OCT in iAMD eyes but without statistical significance. Improved axial resolution of the High-Res OCT benefits retest reliability of retinal layer annotation and improves perceived image quality and resolution. Automated image analysis algorithms could also benefit from the increased image resolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10040438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T02:08:01Z","timestamp":1680228481000},"page":"438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Reliability of Retinal Layer Annotation with a Novel, High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography Device: A Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Leon","family":"von der Emde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"Sa\u00dfmannshausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Morelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B-IT and Institut for Informatics, Universit\u00e4t Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geena","family":"Rennen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank G.","family":"Holz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2766-7038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian W. M.","family":"Wintergerst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6583-8283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Ach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00265-2","article-title":"Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.02.023","article-title":"Proposed Lexicon for Anatomic Landmarks in Normal Posterior Segment Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography The IN OCT Consensus","volume":"121","author":"Staurenghi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.1871","article-title":"Outer Retinal Corrugations in Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"132","author":"Ooto","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182247535","article-title":"Anatomical correlates to the bands seen in the outer retina by optical coherence tomography: Literature Review and Model","volume":"31","author":"Spaide","year":"2011","journal-title":"RETINA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2012.12.001","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography: Imaging of the Choroid and Beyond","volume":"58","author":"Mrejen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-016-0050-y","article-title":"Novel Perspectives on Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"2","author":"Lavinsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Retin. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003097","article-title":"Intermediate and deep capillary plexuses in machine learning segmentation of high-resolution optical coherence tomography imaging","volume":"41","author":"Spaide","year":"2021","journal-title":"RETINA"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Podoleanu, A., Bang, O., Bojesen, S., Bondu, M., Bradu, A., Caujolle, S., Chin, C., Denninger, M., Feuchter, T., and Fleischhauer, F. (2018). Proceedings of the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Optica Publishing Group."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2021.03.008","article-title":"OCT Signs of Early Atrophy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Interreader Agreement: Classification of Atrophy Meetings Report 6","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retin."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5139","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.005139","article-title":"Speckle Variance OCT for Depth Resolved Assessment of the Viability of Bovine Embryos","volume":"8","author":"Caujolle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.1.28","article-title":"Lateral Resolution of a Commercial Optical Coherence Tomography Instrument","volume":"11","author":"Spaide","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.034","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography-Defined Changes Preceding the Development of Drusen-Associated Atrophy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"121","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5479","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19816","article-title":"Associations Between Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Drusen Volume Changes During the Lifecycle of Large Drusenoid Pigment Epithelial Detachments","volume":"57","author":"Balaratnasingam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.07.010","article-title":"Sub-Retinal Drusenoid Deposits in Human Retina: Organization and Composition","volume":"87","author":"Rudolf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.2914","article-title":"Progression of Photoreceptor Degeneration in Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"138","author":"Pfau","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.11.1570","article-title":"A Simplified Severity Scale for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: AREDS Report No. 18","volume":"123","author":"Ferris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.4335","article-title":"Mesopic and Scotopic Light Sensitivity and Its Microstructural Correlates in Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum","volume":"138","author":"Hess","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47565-y","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence for Morphology-Based Function Prediction in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Pfau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.04.003","article-title":"Determinants of Cone- and Rod-Function in Geographic Atrophy: AI-Based Structure-Function Correlation","volume":"217","author":"Pfau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11286","article-title":"Abnormal Thickening as Well as Thinning of the Photoreceptor Layer in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"54","author":"Sadigh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7640","article-title":"Validated Automatic Segmentation of AMD Pathology Including Drusen and Geographic Atrophy in SD-OCT Images","volume":"53","author":"Chiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2017.1406526","article-title":"Analysis of Agreement of Retinal-Layer Thickness Measures Derived from the Segmentation of Horizontal and Vertical Spectralis OCT Macular Scans","volume":"43","author":"Antony","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2010.178","article-title":"Reproducibility and Agreement in Evaluating Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer Thickness between Stratus and Spectralis OCT","volume":"25","author":"Arthur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1159\/000448116","article-title":"Intra- and Inter-Rater Agreement of Anterior Lamina Cribrosa Depth Measurements Using Enhanced-Depth Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"57","author":"Leal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000527","article-title":"Directional Optical Coherence Tomography Provides Accurate Outer Nuclear Layer and Henle Fiber Layer Measurements","volume":"35","author":"Lujan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"313","article-title":"Correlations Between AMD Severity and OCT Thickness","volume":"62","author":"Grisso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"844","article-title":"Comprehensive Atlas of RPE-Drusen Complex Thickness Maps for Classification of Eyes with and without Intermediate AMD","volume":"53","author":"Farsiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.1.001358","article-title":"Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Segmentation on FD-OCT Scans of Normal Subjects and Glaucoma Patients","volume":"1","author":"Mayer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4103\/2228-7477.114321","article-title":"A Review of Algorithms for Segmentation of Optical Coherence Tomography from Retina","volume":"3","author":"Kafieh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Signals Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30381-3","article-title":"Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Normal Human Eyes","volume":"103","author":"Varma","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.08.003","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Retinal Layers in Comparison with Other Risk Factors for Conversion of Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"4","author":"Thiele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retin."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.06.005","article-title":"Postreceptor Neuronal Loss in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"181","author":"Borrelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.05.061","article-title":"The Association between Glaucomatous Visual Fields and Optic Nerve Head Features in the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study","volume":"113","author":"Keltner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"OCT421","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18940","article-title":"The Relative Odds of Progressing by Structural and Functional Tests in Glaucoma","volume":"57","author":"Abe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.07.015","article-title":"Detecting Structural Progression in Glaucoma with Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"124","author":"Tatham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.04.013","article-title":"Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Imaging with Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography: A Variability and Diagnostic Performance Study","volume":"116","author":"Leung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903000103","article-title":"Topography of Ganglion Cells in Human Retina","volume":"300","author":"Curcio","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.08.003","article-title":"Glaucomatous Damage of the Macula","volume":"32","author":"Hood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"OCT533","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19106","article-title":"3D Imaging of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells in the Living Human Retina","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.12.008","article-title":"A Pilot Study of Enhanced Depth Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography of the Choroid in Normal Eyes","volume":"147","author":"Margolis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000742","article-title":"En Face Imaging of Pachychoroid Spectrum Disorders with Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"36","author":"Dansingani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04338-7","article-title":"Automated OCT Angiography Image Quality Assessment Using a Deep Learning Algorithm","volume":"257","author":"Lauermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1146.2009.00091","article-title":"Overview on Image Quality Assessment Methods","volume":"32","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Technol."}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/10\/4\/438\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:07:48Z","timestamp":1760123268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/10\/4\/438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering10040438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering10040438","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]}}}