{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:44:19Z","timestamp":1790959459117,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute and chronic kidney diseases are an evolving continuum for which reliable biomarkers of early disease are lacking. The potential use of glycosidases, enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, in kidney disease detection has been under investigation since the 1960s. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) is a glycosidase commonly found in proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs). Due to its large molecular weight, plasma-soluble NAG cannot pass the glomerular filtration barrier; thus, increased urinary concentration of NAG (uNAG) may suggest injury to the proximal tubule. As the PTECs are the workhorses of the kidney that perform much of the filtration and reabsorption, they are a common starting point in acute and chronic kidney disease. NAG has previously been researched, and it is widely used as a valuable biomarker in both acute and chronic kidney disease, as well as in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and other chronic diseases leading to kidney failure. Here, we present an overview of the research pertaining to uNAG\u2019s biomarker potential across the spectrum of kidney disease, with an additional emphasis on environmental nephrotoxic substance exposure. In spite of a large body of evidence strongly suggesting connections between uNAG levels and multiple kidney pathologies, focused clinical validation tests and knowledge on underlining molecular mechanisms are largely lacking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10040444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T04:52:14Z","timestamp":1680583934000},"page":"444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Revisiting the Role of NAG across the Continuum of Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ruder","family":"Novak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grgur","family":"Salai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stela","family":"Hrkac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of of Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana Kovacevic","family":"Vojtusek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Arterial Hypertension, Dialysis and Transplantation, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9814-3178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lovorka","family":"Grgurevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, \u201cDrago Perovic\u201d, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Koeppen, B.M., and Stanton, B. 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