{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T04:19:10Z","timestamp":1771042750900,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R01EY026091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY026091"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R01EY028662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY028662"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R01EY030126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY030126"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["NIH P30EY029220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH P30EY029220"]}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology from Research to Prevent Blindness, New York, NY","award":["R01EY026091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY026091"]}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology from Research to Prevent Blindness, New York, NY","award":["R01EY028662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY028662"]}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology from Research to Prevent Blindness, New York, NY","award":["R01EY030126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY030126"]}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology from Research to Prevent Blindness, New York, NY","award":["NIH P30EY029220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH P30EY029220"]}]},{"name":"Alfred E. Mann Innovation in Engineering Post-Doctoral Fellowship","award":["R01EY026091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY026091"]}]},{"name":"Alfred E. Mann Innovation in Engineering Post-Doctoral Fellowship","award":["R01EY028662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY028662"]}]},{"name":"Alfred E. Mann Innovation in Engineering Post-Doctoral Fellowship","award":["R01EY030126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY030126"]}]},{"name":"Alfred E. Mann Innovation in Engineering Post-Doctoral Fellowship","award":["NIH P30EY029220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH P30EY029220"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The optic nerve is the second cranial nerve (CN II) that connects and transmits visual information between the retina and the brain. Severe damage to the optic nerve often leads to distorted vision, vision loss, and even blindness. Such damage can be caused by various types of degenerative diseases, such as glaucoma and traumatic optic neuropathy, and result in an impaired visual pathway. To date, researchers have not found a viable therapeutic method to restore the impaired visual pathway; however, in this paper, a newly synthesized model is proposed to bypass the damaged portion of the visual pathway and set up a direct connection between a stimulated visual input and the visual cortex (VC) using Low-frequency Ring-transducer Ultrasound Stimulation (LRUS). In this study, by utilizing and integrating various advanced ultrasonic and neurological technologies, the following advantages are achieved by the proposed LRUS model: 1. This is a non-invasive procedure that uses enhanced sound field intensity to overcome the loss of ultrasound signal due to the blockage of the skull. 2. The simulated visual signal generated by LRUS in the visual-cortex-elicited neuronal response in the visual cortex is comparable to light stimulation of the retina. The result was confirmed by a combination of real-time electrophysiology and fiber photometry. 3. VC showed a faster response rate under LRUS than light stimulation through the retina. These results suggest a potential non-invasive therapeutic method for restoring vision in optic-nerve-impaired patients using ultrasound stimulation (US).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10050577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T01:37:24Z","timestamp":1683769044000},"page":"577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Non-Invasive Hybrid Ultrasound Stimulation of Visual Cortex In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6262-704X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"},{"name":"USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6642-5904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Runze","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"},{"name":"USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7497-050X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gengxi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"},{"name":"USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5995-4085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yushun","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiawen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chifeng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"},{"name":"USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junhang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"},{"name":"USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lily","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepthi S. 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