{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T20:36:48Z","timestamp":1788295008305,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Several methods with which to assess the risk of biomechanical overload of the upper limb are described in the literature. Methods: We retrospectively analysed the results of the risk assessment of the biomechanical overload of the upper limb in multiple settings by comparing the application of the Washington State Standard, the threshold limit values (TLV) proposed by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), based on hand-activity levels (HAL) and normalised peak force (PF), the Occupational Repetitive Actions (OCRA) checklist, the Rapid Upper-Limb Assessment (RULA), and the Strain Index and Outil de Rep\u00e9rage et d\u2019Evaluation des Gestes of INRS (Institut National de Recherche et de S\u00e9curit\u00e9). Results: Overall, 771 workstations were analysed for a total of 2509 risk assessments. The absence of risk demonstrated for the Washington CZCL, used as the screening method, was in good agreement with the other methods, with the sole exception of the OCRA CL, which showed at-risk conditions in a higher percentage of workstations. Differences in the assessment of the frequency of actions were observed among the methods, while their assessments of strength appeared to be more uniform. However, the greatest discrepancies were observed in the assessment of posture. Conclusions: The use of multiple assessment methods ensures a more adequate analysis of biomechanical risk, allowing researchers to investigate the factors and segments in which different methods show different specificities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10050580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T05:05:02Z","timestamp":1683781502000},"page":"580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Twenty-Year Retrospective Analysis of Risk Assessment of Biomechanical Overload of the Upper Limbs in Multiple Occupational Settings: Comparison of Different Ergonomic Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0882-6574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Sala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Occupational Health, Occupational Hygiene, Toxicology and Prevention, University Hospital ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0560-939X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Cipriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Medical Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1539-2544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Bisioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Medical Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Paraggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Medical Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3699-8744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesare","family":"Tomasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Medical Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Apostoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Medical Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9821-3060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"De Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Occupational Health, Occupational Hygiene, Toxicology and Prevention, University Hospital ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Medical Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.5327\/Z1679443520190360","article-title":"Fatores de preven\u00e7\u00e3o de dist\u00farbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho: Revis\u00e3o narrativa","volume":"17","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. 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