{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:44:52Z","timestamp":1792097092603,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology","award":["20016363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20016363"]}]},{"name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology","award":["2021M3I2A1077405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M3I2A1077405"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korean government (MIST)","award":["20016363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20016363"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korean government (MIST)","award":["2021M3I2A1077405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M3I2A1077405"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: although digital infrared thermographic imaging (DITI) is used for diverse medical conditions of the upper limbs, no reference standards have been established. This study aims to establish reference standards by analyzing DITI results of the upper limbs. (2) Methods: we recruited 905 healthy Korean adults and conducted thermography on six regions (dorsal arm, ventral arm, lateral arm, medial arm, dorsal hand, and ventral hand region). We analyzed the data based on the proximity of regions of interest (ROIs), sex, and age. (3) Results: the average temperature (\u00b0C) and temperature discrepancy between the right and the left sides (\u0394T) of each ROI varied significantly (p &lt; 0.001), ranging from 28.45 \u00b1 5.71 to 29.74 \u00b1 5.14 and from 0.01 \u00b1 0.49 to 0.15 \u00b1 0.62, respectively. The temperature decreased towards the distal ROIs compared to proximal ROIs. The average temperatures of the same ROIs were significantly higher for men than women in all regions (p &lt; 0.001). Across all regions, except the dorsal hand region, average temperatures tended to increase with age, particularly in individuals in their 30s and older (p &lt; 0.001). (4) Conclusions: these data could be used as DITI reference standards to identify skin temperature abnormalities of the upper limbs. However, it is important to consider various confounding factors, and further research is required to validate the accuracy of our results under pathological conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10060671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T02:16:48Z","timestamp":1685672208000},"page":"671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Reference Standards for Digital Infrared Thermography Measuring Surface Temperature of the Upper Limbs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2815-9908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong","family":"Son","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5696-5931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung Rhae","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho Yeol","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Ilsan 10444, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verstockt, J., Verspeek, S., Thiessen, F., Tjalma, W.A., Brochez, L., and Steenackers, G. 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