{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T13:17:52Z","timestamp":1777555072086,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hallux limitus is a common foot disorder whose incidence has increased in the school-age population. Hallux limitus is characterized by musculoskeletal alteration that involves the metatarsophalangeal joint causing structural disorders in different anatomical areas of the locomotor system, affecting gait patterns. The aim of this study was to analyze dynamic plantar pressures in a school-aged population both with functional hallux and without. Methods: A full sample of 100 subjects (50 male and 50 female) 7 to 12 years old was included. The subjects were identified in two groups: the case group (50 subjects characterized as having hallux limitus, 22 male and 28 female) and control group (50 subjects characterized as not having hallux limitus, 28 male and 22 female). Measurements were obtained while subjects walked barefoot in a relaxed manner along a baropodometric platform. The hallux limitus test was realized in a seated position to sort subjects out into an established study group. The variables checked in the research were the surface area supported by each lower limb, the maximum peak pressure of each lower limb, the maximum mean pressure of each lower limb, the body weight on the hallux of each foot, the body weight on the first metatarsal head of each foot, the body weight at the second metatarsal head of each foot, the body weight at the third and fourth metatarsal head of each foot, the body weight at the head of the fifth metatarsal of each foot, the body weight at the midfoot of each foot, and the body weight at the heel of each foot. Results: Non-significant results were obtained in the variable of pressure peaks between both study groups; the highest pressures were found in the hallux with a p-value of 0.127 and in the first metatarsal head with a p-value 0.354 in subjects with hallux limitus. A non-significant result with a p-value of 0.156 was obtained at the second metatarsal head in healthy subjects. However, significant results were observed for third and fourth metatarsal head pressure in healthy subjects with a p-value of 0.031 and regarding rearfoot pressure in subjects with functional hallux limitus with a p-value of 0.023. Conclusions: School-age subjects with hallux limitus during gait exhibit more average peak plantar pressure in the heel and less peak average plantar pressure in the third and fourth metatarsal head as compared to healthy children aged between 7 and 12 years old.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10070772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:50:52Z","timestamp":1687913452000},"page":"772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Hallux Limitus Influence on Plantar Pressure Variations during the Gait Cycle: A Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Cuevas-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research, Health, and Podiatry Group, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, Industrial Campus of Ferrol, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, 15403 Ferrol, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Podologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1568-7602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Enfermer\u00eda, Fisioterapia y Podolog\u00eda, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7588-2069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta Elena","family":"Losa-Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcon, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8537-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israel","family":"Casado-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Enfermer\u00eda, Fisioterapia y Podolog\u00eda, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6170-4779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Navarro-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frailty Research Organizaded Group (FROG), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1797-910X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"P\u00e9rez-Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Podologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2256-5390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Martiniano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa, 1300-125 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9053-7730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"G\u00f3mez-Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Labour Sciences, University of Huelva, 21004 Huelva, Spain"},{"name":"Health and Safety Postgraduate Programme, Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo, Guayaquil 092301, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9818-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research, Health, and Podiatry Group, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, Industrial Campus of Ferrol, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, 15403 Ferrol, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Podologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2018.09.019","article-title":"The Role of Plantar Fascia Tightness in Hallux Limitus: A Biomechanical Analysis","volume":"58","author":"Vich","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-8422(23)00816-9","article-title":"Hallux limitus and hallux rigidus: Clinical examination, radiographic findings, and natural history","volume":"13","author":"Camasta","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.7547\/0950593","article-title":"Functional hallux limitus and lesser-metatarsal overload","volume":"95","author":"Clough","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.04.032","article-title":"Centre of pressure characteristics during walking in individuals with and without first metatarsophalangeal joint osteoarthritis","volume":"63","author":"Menz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2020.08.010","article-title":"Descriptive Quantitative Analysis of First Metatarsal Sagittal Plane Motion","volume":"59","author":"Meyr","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147616","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1147616","article-title":"Influence of the center of pressure on baropodometric gait pattern variations in the adult population with flatfoot: A case-control study","volume":"11","author":"Bayod","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.7547\/0940269","article-title":"Sagittal plane compensations for artificially induced limitation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint: A preliminary study","volume":"94","author":"Hall","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.7547\/0960474","article-title":"Effect of functional foot orthoses on first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion in stance and gait","volume":"96","author":"Scherer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.7547\/0960428","article-title":"Effects of hallux limitus on plantar foot pressure and foot kinematics during walking","volume":"96","author":"Dananberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.7547\/1000220","article-title":"Functional hallux limitus or rigidus caused by a tenodesis effect at the retrotalar pulley: Description of the functional stretch test and the simple hoover cord maneuver that releases this tenodesis","volume":"100","author":"Vallotton","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.7547\/0940558","article-title":"The effect of 5-degree valgus and varus rearfoot wedging on peak hallux dorsiflexion during gait","volume":"94","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-83-11-615","article-title":"Gait style as an etiology to chronic postural pain. Part II. Postural compensatory process","volume":"83","author":"Dananberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.7547\/0980236","article-title":"Functional hallux limitus: A review","volume":"99","author":"Durrant","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2005.10.003","article-title":"An overview of podiatric biomechanics theory and its relation to selected gait dysfunction","volume":"92","author":"Harradine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket298","article-title":"Foot posture, foot function and low back pain: The Framingham Foot Study","volume":"52","author":"Menz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1054\/foot.1999.0538","article-title":"Plantar pressure distribution in normal, hallux valgus and hallux limitus feet","volume":"9","author":"Bryant","year":"1999","journal-title":"Foot"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_543_18","article-title":"The STROBE guidelines","volume":"13","author":"Cuschieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.14423\/SMJ.0000000000000131","article-title":"Declaration of Helsinki-the world\u2019s document of conscience and responsibility","volume":"107","author":"Holt","year":"2014","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20120164","article-title":"Static and dynamic plantar pressures in children with and without sever disease: A case-control study","volume":"94","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7822","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11906-1","article-title":"Three-dimensional gait analysis of lower extremity gait parameters in Japanese children aged 6 to 12 years","volume":"12","author":"Ito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daunoraviciene, K., and Ziziene, J. (2022). Accuracy of Ground Reaction Force and Muscle Activation Prediction in a Child-Adapted Musculoskeletal Model. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207825"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2021.04.004","article-title":"Gait Disorders","volume":"48","author":"Gibson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.017","article-title":"Biomechanical maturation of joint dynamics during early childhood: Updated conclusions","volume":"46","author":"Samson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-4-7","article-title":"Foot kinematics in patients with two patterns of pathological plantar hyperkeratosis","volume":"4","author":"Findlow","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"165","article-title":"Calcaneocuboid joint and stability of the longitudinal arch of the foot at high and low gear push off","volume":"129","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-86-11-538","article-title":"Position of the first ray and motion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint","volume":"86","author":"Roukis","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.02.031","article-title":"Towards validation and standardization of automatic gait event identification algorithms for use in paediatric pathological populations","volume":"86","author":"Visscher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agostini, V., Nascimbeni, A., Di Nardo, F., Fioretti, S., Burattini, L., and Knaflitz, M. (2015, January 25\u201329). Dependence of gait parameters on height in typically developing children. Proceedings of the 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7320151"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beurskens, R., Muehlbauer, T., and Granacher, U. (2015). Association of dual-task walking performance and leg muscle quality in healthy children. BMC Pediatr., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-015-0317-8"}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/10\/7\/772\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:01:39Z","timestamp":1760126499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/10\/7\/772"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering10070772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering10070772","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]}}}