{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T06:34:48Z","timestamp":1772692488370,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["47289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["47289"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is no consensus on how to measure shoulder joint laxity and results reported in the literature are not well systematized for the available shoulder arthrometer devices. This systematic review aims to summarize the results of currently available shoulder arthrometers for measuring glenohumeral laxity in individuals with healthy or injured shoulders. Searches were conducted on the PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases to identify studies that measure glenohumeral laxity with arthrometer-assisted assessment. The mean and standard deviations of the laxity measurement from each study were compared based on the type of population and arthrometer used. Data were organized according to the testing characteristics. A total of 23 studies were included and comprised 1162 shoulders. Populations were divided into 401 healthy individuals, 278 athletes with asymptomatic shoulder, and 134 individuals with symptomatic shoulder. Sensors were the most used method for measuring glenohumeral laxity and stiffness. Most arthrometers applied an external force to the humeral head or superior humerus by a manual-assisted mechanism. Glenohumeral laxity and stiffness were mostly assessed in the sagittal plane. There is substantial heterogeneity in glenohumeral laxity values that is mostly related to the arthrometer used and the testing conditions. This variability can lead to inconsistent results and influence the diagnosis and treatment decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10070799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:53:04Z","timestamp":1688518384000},"page":"799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Inconsistency in Shoulder Arthrometers for Measuring Glenohumeral Joint Laxity: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Eluana","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Espregueira\u2014FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, 4350-415 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Espregueira\u2014FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, 4350-415 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Dom Henrique Research Centre, 4350-415 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Espregueira\u2014FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, 4350-415 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Dom Henrique Research Centre, 4350-415 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0238-4840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Victor","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microelectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), Campus Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f3ni","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Espregueira\u2014FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, 4350-415 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital de Santa Maria Maior, 4750-333 Barcelos, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9447-8739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microelectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), Campus Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5516-7583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor M.","family":"Correlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2013PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia E Tecnologia, University of Minho, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Pro2B, Consultoria e Gest\u00e3o de Projetos, AvePark\u2014Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filipe S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microelectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), Campus Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Miguel","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2013PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia E Tecnologia, University of Minho, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4295-6129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui L.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2013PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia E Tecnologia, University of Minho, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7429-4900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Espregueira-Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Espregueira\u2014FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, 4350-415 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Dom Henrique Research Centre, 4350-415 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2013PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia E Tecnologia, University of Minho, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e016112","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016112","article-title":"Incidence of shoulder dislocations in the UK, 1995\u20132015: A population-based cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3944\/AOTT.2013.3090","article-title":"Demographic and clinical characteristics of traumatic shoulder dislocations in an urban city of Turkey: A retrospective analysis of 208 cases","volume":"47","author":"Canbora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. 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