{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T21:35:50Z","timestamp":1772314550810,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]],"date-time":"2023-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SZSM201812005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZSM201812005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ynkt2021-zz11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ynkt2021-zz11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019QN01Y986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QN01Y986"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020B1212060051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1212060051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62271474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271474"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6161871373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6161871373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81729003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81729003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81901736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81901736"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XDB25000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB25000000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XDC07040000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDC07040000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202007030002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202007030002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018B030335001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B030335001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20210324115810030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324115810030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KQTD20180413181834876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20180413181834876"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20220530160005012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220530160005012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong High-level Hospital Construction Fund","award":["SZSM201812005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZSM201812005"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong High-level Hospital Construction Fund","award":["ynkt2021-zz11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ynkt2021-zz11"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong High-level Hospital Construction Fund","award":["2019QN01Y986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QN01Y986"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong High-level Hospital Construction Fund","award":["2020B1212060051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1212060051"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong High-level Hospital Construction Fund","award":["62271474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271474"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong High-level Hospital Construction Fund","award":["6161871373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6161871373"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong High-level Hospital Construction Fund","award":["81729003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81729003"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong High-level Hospital Construction Fund","award":["81901736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81901736"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong High-level Hospital Construction Fund","award":["XDB25000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB25000000"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong High-level Hospital Construction Fund","award":["XDC07040000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDC07040000"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong High-level Hospital Construction Fund","award":["202007030002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202007030002"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong High-level Hospital Construction Fund","award":["2018B030335001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B030335001"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong High-level Hospital Construction Fund","award":["JCYJ20210324115810030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324115810030"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong High-level Hospital Construction Fund","award":["KQTD20180413181834876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20180413181834876"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong High-level Hospital Construction Fund","award":["JCYJ20220530160005012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220530160005012"]}]},{"name":"Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province","award":["SZSM201812005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZSM201812005"]}]},{"name":"Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province","award":["ynkt2021-zz11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ynkt2021-zz11"]}]},{"name":"Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2019QN01Y986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QN01Y986"]}]},{"name":"Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2020B1212060051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1212060051"]}]},{"name":"Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province","award":["62271474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271474"]}]},{"name":"Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province","award":["6161871373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6161871373"]}]},{"name":"Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province","award":["81729003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81729003"]}]},{"name":"Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province","award":["81901736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81901736"]}]},{"name":"Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province","award":["XDB25000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB25000000"]}]},{"name":"Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province","award":["XDC07040000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDC07040000"]}]},{"name":"Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province","award":["202007030002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202007030002"]}]},{"name":"Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2018B030335001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B030335001"]}]},{"name":"Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province","award":["JCYJ20210324115810030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324115810030"]}]},{"name":"Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province","award":["KQTD20180413181834876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20180413181834876"]}]},{"name":"Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province","award":["JCYJ20220530160005012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220530160005012"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012571","name":"Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SZSM201812005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZSM201812005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012571","name":"Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ynkt2021-zz11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ynkt2021-zz11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012571","name":"Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019QN01Y986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QN01Y986"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012571","name":"Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020B1212060051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1212060051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012571","name":"Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62271474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271474"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012571","name":"Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6161871373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6161871373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012571","name":"Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81729003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81729003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012571","name":"Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81901736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81901736"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012571","name":"Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XDB25000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB25000000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012571","name":"Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XDC07040000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDC07040000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012571","name":"Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202007030002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202007030002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012571","name":"Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018B030335001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B030335001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012571","name":"Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20210324115810030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324115810030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012571","name":"Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KQTD20180413181834876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20180413181834876"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012571","name":"Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20220530160005012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220530160005012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SZSM201812005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZSM201812005"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ynkt2021-zz11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ynkt2021-zz11"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019QN01Y986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QN01Y986"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020B1212060051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1212060051"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62271474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271474"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["6161871373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6161871373"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81729003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81729003"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81901736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81901736"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["XDB25000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB25000000"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["XDC07040000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDC07040000"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202007030002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202007030002"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018B030335001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B030335001"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JCYJ20210324115810030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324115810030"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["KQTD20180413181834876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20180413181834876"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JCYJ20220530160005012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220530160005012"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["SZSM201812005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZSM201812005"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["ynkt2021-zz11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ynkt2021-zz11"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2019QN01Y986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QN01Y986"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2020B1212060051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1212060051"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["62271474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271474"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["6161871373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6161871373"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["81729003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81729003"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["81901736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81901736"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDB25000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB25000000"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDC07040000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDC07040000"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["202007030002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202007030002"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2018B030335001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B030335001"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["JCYJ20210324115810030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324115810030"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["KQTD20180413181834876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20180413181834876"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["JCYJ20220530160005012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220530160005012"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Program of Guangzhou","award":["SZSM201812005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZSM201812005"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Program of Guangzhou","award":["ynkt2021-zz11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ynkt2021-zz11"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Program of Guangzhou","award":["2019QN01Y986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QN01Y986"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Program of Guangzhou","award":["2020B1212060051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1212060051"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Program of Guangzhou","award":["62271474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271474"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Program of Guangzhou","award":["6161871373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6161871373"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Program of Guangzhou","award":["81729003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81729003"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Program of Guangzhou","award":["81901736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81901736"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Program of Guangzhou","award":["XDB25000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB25000000"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Program of Guangzhou","award":["XDC07040000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDC07040000"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Program of Guangzhou","award":["202007030002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202007030002"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Program of Guangzhou","award":["2018B030335001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B030335001"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Program of Guangzhou","award":["JCYJ20210324115810030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324115810030"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Program of Guangzhou","award":["KQTD20180413181834876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20180413181834876"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Program of Guangzhou","award":["JCYJ20220530160005012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220530160005012"]}]},{"name":"Key Field R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["SZSM201812005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZSM201812005"]}]},{"name":"Key Field R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["ynkt2021-zz11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ynkt2021-zz11"]}]},{"name":"Key Field R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2019QN01Y986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QN01Y986"]}]},{"name":"Key Field R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2020B1212060051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1212060051"]}]},{"name":"Key Field R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["62271474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271474"]}]},{"name":"Key Field R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["6161871373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6161871373"]}]},{"name":"Key Field R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["81729003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81729003"]}]},{"name":"Key Field R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["81901736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81901736"]}]},{"name":"Key Field R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["XDB25000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB25000000"]}]},{"name":"Key Field R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["XDC07040000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDC07040000"]}]},{"name":"Key Field R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["202007030002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202007030002"]}]},{"name":"Key Field R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2018B030335001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B030335001"]}]},{"name":"Key Field R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["JCYJ20210324115810030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324115810030"]}]},{"name":"Key Field R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["KQTD20180413181834876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20180413181834876"]}]},{"name":"Key Field R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["JCYJ20220530160005012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220530160005012"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["SZSM201812005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZSM201812005"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["ynkt2021-zz11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ynkt2021-zz11"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["2019QN01Y986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QN01Y986"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["2020B1212060051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1212060051"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["62271474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271474"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["6161871373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6161871373"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["81729003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81729003"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["81901736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81901736"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["XDB25000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB25000000"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["XDC07040000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDC07040000"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["202007030002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202007030002"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["2018B030335001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B030335001"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["JCYJ20210324115810030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324115810030"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["KQTD20180413181834876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20180413181834876"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["JCYJ20220530160005012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220530160005012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multi-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is wildly applied to identify tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) children in a clinic. In this work, a deep convolutional neural network with multi-contrast MRI is proposed to diagnose pediatric TSC. Firstly, by combining T2W and FLAIR images, a new synthesis modality named FLAIR3 was created to enhance the contrast between TSC lesions and normal brain tissues. After that, a deep weighted fusion network (DWF-net) using a late fusion strategy is proposed to diagnose TSC children. In experiments, a total of 680 children were enrolled, including 331 healthy children and 349 TSC children. The experimental results indicate that FLAIR3 successfully enhances the visibility of TSC lesions and improves the classification performance. Additionally, the proposed DWF-net delivers a superior classification performance compared to previous methods, achieving an AUC of 0.998 and an accuracy of 0.985. The proposed method has the potential to be a reliable computer-aided diagnostic tool for assisting radiologists in diagnosing TSC children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10070870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T03:17:27Z","timestamp":1690168647000},"page":"870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Recognizing Pediatric Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Based on Multi-Contrast MRI and Deep Weighted Fusion Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2875-2373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dian","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Medical AI, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianxiang","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children\u2019s Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cailei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Children\u2019s Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children\u2019s Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongbo","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Shenzhen Children\u2019s Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Medical AI, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4140-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi-Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Medical AI, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yihang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Medical AI, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"Research Department, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanjie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Medical AI, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5926-3962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanqi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children\u2019s Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4229-3668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haifeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1236","article-title":"The natural history of epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"51","author":"Major","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-022-01330-x","article-title":"Tuberous sclerosis complex is a novel, amyloid-independent tauopathy associated with elevated phosphorylated 3R\/4R tau aggregation","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16035","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.35","article-title":"Tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"2","author":"Henske","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782479","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.782479","article-title":"Abnormal White Matter Microstructure in the Limbic System Is Associated with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex-Associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders","volume":"13","author":"Sato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28666","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028666","article-title":"Identification of a novel heterozygous TSC2 splicing variant in a patient with Tuberous sclerosis complex: A case report","volume":"101","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miszewska, D., Sugalska, M., and J\u00f3\u017awiak, S. (2021). Risk Factors Associated with Refractory Epilepsy in Patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235495"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12761","article-title":"Interictal high frequency oscillations correlating with seizure outcome in patients with widespread epileptic networks in tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"55","author":"Okanishi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2013.02.016","article-title":"Predictors of seizure freedom after surgical management of tuberous sclerosis complex: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"105","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Yang, J., Zhao, C., Su, S., Liang, D., Hu, Z., Wang, H., and Liao, J. (2020). Proceedings of the 2020 6th International Conference on Big Data and Information Analytics (BigDIA), Shenzhen, China, 4\u20136 December 2020, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16892","article-title":"Early epileptiform EEG activity in infants with tuberous sclerosis complex predicts epilepsy and neurodevelopmental outcomes","volume":"62","author":"Verhelle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-020-04705-4","article-title":"Neuroimaging in tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"36","author":"Russo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4514","article-title":"FLAIR2: A Combination of FLAIR and T2 for Improved MS Lesion Detection","volume":"37","author":"Wiggermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25281","article-title":"Optimal combination of FLAIR and T2-weighted MRI for improved lesion contrast in multiple sclerosis","volume":"44","author":"Gabr","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2738","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2020.2974858","article-title":"Multi-Contrast Super-Resolution MRI Through a Progressive Network","volume":"39","author":"Lyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2021.110050","article-title":"Detection and vascular territorial classification of stroke on diffusion-weighted MRI by deep learning","volume":"145","author":"Cetinoglu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118606","article-title":"Deep learning from MRI-derived labels enables automatic brain tissue classification on human brain CT","volume":"244","author":"Srikrishna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17227","article-title":"Convolutional neural network-aided tuber segmentation in tuberous sclerosis complex patients correlates with electroencephalogram","volume":"63","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez Fern\u00e1ndez, I., Yang, E., Calvachi, P., Amengual-Gual, M., Wu, J.Y., Krueger, D., Northrup, H., Bebin, M.E., Sahin, M., and Yu, K.-H. (2020). Deep learning in rare disease. Detection of tubers in tuberous sclerosis complex. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232376"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.07.059","article-title":"Predicting brain age with deep learning from raw imaging data results in a reliable and heritable biomarker","volume":"163","author":"Cole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.4103\/JPN.JPN_76_17","article-title":"Neuroimaging features of tuberous sclerosis complex and Chiari type I malformation: A rare association","volume":"13","author":"Moffa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Liang, G., Xing, X., Liu, L., Zhang, Y., Ying, Q., Lin, A.L., and Jacobs, N. (2021). Proceedings of the 2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), Guadalajara, Mexico, 1\u20135 November 2021, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13163-9","article-title":"Brain age prediction using deep learning uncovers associated sequence variants","volume":"10","author":"Jonsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103402","article-title":"Deep Learning for Classification of Bone Lesions on Routine MRI","volume":"68","author":"Eweje","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., and Sun, J. (2016, January 27\u201330). Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Tan, M., and Le, Q. (2019, January 9\u201315). Efficientnet: Rethinking model scaling for convolutional neural networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning, Long Beach, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., Shen, L., and Sun, G. (2018, January 18\u201323). Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00745"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4952","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24750","article-title":"Automated brain extraction of multisequence MRI using artificial neural networks","volume":"40","author":"Isensee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599042","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.599042","article-title":"Deep Learning-Based Method to Differentiate Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder from Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2020.101871","article-title":"Accurate brain age prediction with lightweight deep neural networks","volume":"68","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Luna, A., and Marcia, R.F. (2021, January 1\u20135). Data-Limited Deep Learning Methods for Mild Cognitive Impairment Classification in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patients. Proceedings of the 2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), Guadalajara, Mexico.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC46164.2021.9630598"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28008","article-title":"MRI-Based Multiple Instance Convolutional Neural Network for Increased Accuracy in the Differentiation of Borderline and Malignant Epithelial Ovarian Tumors","volume":"56","author":"Jian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reason. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2020.3036933","article-title":"Deep Relational Reasoning for the Prediction of Language Impairment and Postoperative Seizure Outcome Using Preoperative DWI Connectome Data of Children with Focal Epilepsy","volume":"40","author":"Banerjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"57","article-title":"Skull-Stripping of Glioblastoma MRI Scans Using 3D Deep Learning","volume":"Volume 11992","author":"Thakur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brainlesion: Glioma, Multiple Sclerosis, Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injuries"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2013.09.007","article-title":"The benefits of skull stripping in the normalization of clinical fMRI data","volume":"3","author":"Fischmeister","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.01.024","article-title":"Deep MRI brain extraction: A 3D convolutional neural network for skull stripping","volume":"129","author":"Kleesiek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-020-00367-5","article-title":"State-of-the-Art Traditional to the Machine- and Deep-Learning-Based Skull Stripping Techniques, Models, and Algorithms","volume":"33","author":"Fatima","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Digit. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, D., Hu, Z., Zhao, C., Zhao, X., Yang, J., Zhu, Y., Liang, D., and Wang, H. (2022, January 11\u201315). Identification of Children\u2019s Tuberous Sclerosis Complex with Multiple-contrast MRI and 3D Convolutional Network. Proceedings of the 2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC48229.2022.9871037"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2020.2983206","article-title":"Stain Standardization Capsule for Application-Driven Histopathological Image Normalization","volume":"25","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.02.007","article-title":"Effects of MRI image normalization techniques in prostate cancer radiomics","volume":"71","author":"Isaksson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Medica"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03802.x","article-title":"Intractable epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis: Is the tuber removal not enough?","volume":"52","author":"Curatolo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20164040","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-4040","article-title":"Presentation and Diagnosis of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex in Infants","volume":"140","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/10\/7\/870\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:17:19Z","timestamp":1760127439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/10\/7\/870"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering10070870"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering10070870","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]]}}}