{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:22:33Z","timestamp":1760149353837,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy, Republic of Korea","award":["20006006","HI20C2114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20006006","HI20C2114"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["20006006","HI20C2114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20006006","HI20C2114"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maxillofacial skeletal surgery often involves the use of patient-specific implants. However, errors in obtaining patient data and designing and manufacturing patient-specific plates and guides can occur even with accurate virtual surgery. To address these errors, bespoke Snowman plates were designed to allow movement of the mandible. This study aimed to compare the stability of bespoke four-hole miniplates with that of a bespoke Snowman plate for bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO), and to present a method to investigate joint cavity changes, as well as superimpose virtual and actual surgical images of the mandible. This retrospective study included 22 patients who met the inclusion criteria and underwent orthognathic surgery at a university hospital between 2015 and 2018. Two groups were formed on the basis of the plates used: a control group with four-hole bespoke plates and a study group with bespoke Snowman plates. Stability was assessed by measuring the condyle\u2013fossa space and superimposing three-dimensional virtual surgery images on postoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. No significant differences were observed in the condyle\u2013fossa space preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively between the control and study groups. Superimposing virtual surgery and CBCT scans revealed minimal differences in the landmark points, with no variation between groups or timepoints. The use of bespoke Snowman plates for stabilizing the mandible following SSRO exhibited clinical stability and reliability similar to those with bespoke four-hole plates. Additionally, a novel method was introduced to evaluate skeletal stability by separately analyzing the condyle\u2013fossa gap changes and assessing the mandibular position.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10080914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T11:24:26Z","timestamp":1690975466000},"page":"914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clinical Stability of Bespoke Snowman Plates for Fixation following Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy of the Mandible"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0739-7971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo-Hwan","family":"Byun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7624-3373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Yoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Min","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"In-Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung-Woon","family":"On","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong 18450, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Ki","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Science & Technology, Shingu College, Seongnam 13174, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong-Cheol","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Mir Dental Hospital, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4446-6772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byoung-Eun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2017.04.025","article-title":"Surgical correction of maxillofacial skeletal deformities","volume":"75","author":"Cottrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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