{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T22:26:56Z","timestamp":1772144816093,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sports Science and Technology","award":["P0043798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0043798"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biomechanical studies play an important role in understanding the pathophysiology of sleep disorders and providing insights to maintain sleep health. Computational methods facilitate a versatile platform to analyze various biomechanical factors in silico, which would otherwise be difficult through in vivo experiments. The objective of this review is to examine and map the applications of computational biomechanics to sleep-related research topics, including sleep medicine and sleep ergonomics. A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Research gaps were identified through data synthesis on variants, outcomes, and highlighted features, as well as evidence maps on basic modeling considerations and modeling components of the eligible studies. Twenty-seven studies (n = 27) were categorized into sleep ergonomics (n = 2 on pillow; n = 3 on mattress), sleep-related breathing disorders (n = 19 on obstructive sleep apnea), and sleep-related movement disorders (n = 3 on sleep bruxism). The effects of pillow height and mattress stiffness on spinal curvature were explored. Stress on the temporomandibular joint, and therefore its disorder, was the primary focus of investigations on sleep bruxism. Using finite element morphometry and fluid\u2013structure interaction, studies on obstructive sleep apnea investigated the effects of anatomical variations, muscle activation of the tongue and soft palate, and gravitational direction on the collapse and blockade of the upper airway, in addition to the airflow pressure distribution. Model validation has been one of the greatest hurdles, while single-subject design and surrogate techniques have led to concerns about external validity. Future research might endeavor to reconstruct patient-specific models with patient-specific loading profiles in a larger cohort. Studies on sleep ergonomics research may pave the way for determining ideal spine curvature, in addition to simulating side-lying sleep postures. Sleep bruxism studies may analyze the accumulated dental damage and wear. Research on OSA treatments using computational approaches warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10080917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T11:24:26Z","timestamp":1690975466000},"page":"917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Computational Biomechanics of Sleep: A Systematic Mapping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7470-4940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ethan Shiu-Wang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derek Ka-Hei","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye-Jiao","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4194-4345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy Tin-Yan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8692-2206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wing-Kai","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Information and External Affairs Centre, Hong Kong Sports Institute, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7446-0569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Chung-Wai","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Research Institute for Sports Science and Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8805-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duo Wai-Chi","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Research Institute for Sports Science and Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28293","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea, sleep symptoms, and their association with cardiovascular disease","volume":"130","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2018.1489239","article-title":"Sleep disorders and the risk of stroke","volume":"18","author":"McDermott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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