{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T13:29:50Z","timestamp":1783344590215,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low bile acid excretion (BAE) is associated with a higher risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebrovascular disease (stroke). This study investigated BAE in patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and carotid artery disease (CA) and those without these diseases, compared to patients with CAD, stroke, or no evidence of atherosclerosis. Patients with complaints of chest pain-suspected CAD, syncope, stroke\/TIA, severe headache, intermittent claudication, or falls were enrolled. All received a 4-day standard diet with 490 mg of cholesterol and internal standard copper thiocyanate. Fecal BAE was measured using gas\u2013liquid chromatography. One hundred and three patients, sixty-eight (66%) men and thirty-five women (34%), mean age range 60.9 \u00b1 8.9 years, were enrolled in this prospective, 22-year follow-up study. Regression analysis showed that advanced age, total BAE, and excretion of the main fractions were the only significant independent factors that predicted prolonged survival (p &lt; 0.001). Twenty-two years\u2019 follow-up revealed only 15% of those with BAE &lt;262.4 mg\/24 h survived, compared to &gt;60% of participants without atherosclerosis and a mean BAE of 676 mg\/24 h. BAE was lower in patients with polyvascular atherosclerosis than in those with involvement of 1\u20133 vascular beds. Pearson correlations were found between total BAE and various fractions of BA, as well as HDL cholesterol. BAE and short-term survival were decreased among patients with PVD compared to those with CAD or stroke. Low BAE should be considered a valuable and independent risk factor for PVD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10080935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T06:38:48Z","timestamp":1691390328000},"page":"935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Peripheral Vascular Disease and Carotid Artery Disease Are Associated with Decreased Bile Acid Excretion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Lior","family":"Charach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine B, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0696-9889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gideon","family":"Charach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine B, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Karniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine B, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonid","family":"Galin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine B, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorin","family":"Bar Ziv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine B, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lior","family":"Grossman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine B, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irit","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine B, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itamar","family":"Grosskopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine B, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1914757","article-title":"Statins and stroke\u2014It\u2019s complicated","volume":"382","author":"Wechsler","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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