{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:21:06Z","timestamp":1790302866724,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31DE031513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31DE031513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current auricular cartilage replacements for pediatric microtia fail to address the need for long-term integration and neocartilage formation. While collagen hydrogels have been successful in fostering neocartilage formation, the toughness and extensibility of these materials do not match that of native tissue. This study used the N-terminal functionalization of collagen with alginate oligomers to improve toughness and extensibility through metal\u2013ion complexation. Alginate conjugation was confirmed via FTIR spectroscopy. The retention of native collagen fibrillar structure, thermal gelation, and helical conformation in functionalized gels was confirmed via scanning electron microscopy, oscillatory shear rheology, and circular dichroism spectroscopy, respectively. Alginate\u2013calcium complexation enabled a more than two-fold increase in modulus and work density in functionalized collagen with the addition of 50 mM CaCl2, whereas unmodified collagen decreased in both modulus and work density with increasing calcium concentration. Additionally, the extensibility of alginate-functionalized collagen was increased at 25 and 50 mM CaCl2. Following 2-week culture with auricular chondrocytes, alginate-functionalization had no effect on the cytocompatibility of collagen gels, with no effects on cell density, and increased glycosaminoglycan deposition. Custom MATLAB video analysis was then used to quantify fracture toughness, which was more than 5-fold higher following culture in functionalized collagen and almost three-fold higher in unmodified collagen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10091037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T10:14:11Z","timestamp":1693822451000},"page":"1037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Alginate Conjugation Increases Toughness in Auricular Chondrocyte Seeded Collagen Hydrogels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5329-7560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leigh","family":"Slyker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Meinig of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Bonassar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meinig of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"},{"name":"Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/229255031402200102","article-title":"Auricular reconstruction for microtia: A review of available methods","volume":"22","author":"Baluch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast. 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