{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:05:17Z","timestamp":1790035517867,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation (IITP)","award":["2021-0-00312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-0-00312"]}]},{"name":"Korea Government (MSIT)","award":["2021-0-00312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-0-00312"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, which makes the lives of patients and their families difficult for various reasons. Therefore, early detection of AD is crucial to alleviating the symptoms through medication and treatment. Objective: Given that AD strongly induces language disorders, this study aims to detect AD rapidly by analyzing the language characteristics. Materials and Methods: The mini-mental state examination for dementia screening (MMSE-DS), which is most commonly used in South Korean public health centers, is used to obtain negative answers based on the questionnaire. Among the acquired voices, significant questionnaires and answers are selected and converted into mel-frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC)-based spectrogram images. After accumulating the significant answers, validated data augmentation was achieved using the Densenet121 model. Five deep learning models, Inception v3, VGG19, Xception, Resnet50, and Densenet121, were used to train and confirm the results. Results: Considering the amount of data, the results of the five-fold cross-validation are more significant than those of the hold-out method. Densenet121 exhibits a sensitivity of 0.9550, a specificity of 0.8333, and an accuracy of 0.9000 in a five-fold cross-validation to separate AD patients from the control group. Conclusions: The potential for remote health care can be increased by simplifying the AD screening process. Furthermore, by facilitating remote health care, the proposed method can enhance the accessibility of AD screening and increase the rate of early AD detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10091093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T05:59:06Z","timestamp":1695016746000},"page":"1093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Deep Learning of Speech Data for Early Detection of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in the Elderly"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0123-0727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kichan","family":"Ahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Medical Informatics Major, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minwoo","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transdisciplinary Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Medical Big Data Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suk Wha","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Big Data Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery and Institute of Aesthetic Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2354-3599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyu Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Big Data Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital and College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoojin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidocs Inc., Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3656-1593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"So Yeon","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 30530, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Lan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 30530, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 30530, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dae Hyun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5456-4862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyoun-Joong","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transdisciplinary Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Medical Big Data Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05289","article-title":"A network dysfunction perspective on neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"443","author":"Palop","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(95)00011-9","article-title":"The inflammatory response system of brain: Implications for therapy of Alzheimer and other neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"21","author":"McGeer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res. 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