{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T12:20:07Z","timestamp":1782217207004,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["11932013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11932013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The objective of this research is to better understand the effects of upper limb fatigue on the cerebral cortex. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of cerebral oxygenation and cortical functional connectivity in healthy adults after upper limb fatigue using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Methods: Nineteen healthy adults participated in this study. The participants began exercising on an arm crank ergometer with no load, which was then increased by 0.2 kg per minute, maintaining a speed of at least 90 revolutions per minute during the exercise. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy covering the prefrontal cortex and motor area was used to monitor brain activity during rest and exercise. Heart rate and RPE were monitored during exercise to evaluate the degree of fatigue. Paired-sample t-tests were used to examine differences in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) and functional connectivity before and after fatigue. Results: All participants completed the exercise test that induced fatigue. We observed a significant decrease in HbO2 levels in the prefrontal and motor areas after exercise. In addition, brain network features showed a significant decrease in functional connectivity between the left and right motor cortices, between the motor and prefrontal cortices, and between both prefrontal cortices after fatigue. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that, in healthy adults, exercise-induced fatigue in the upper limbs significantly affects brain function. In particular, it leads to reduced functional connectivity between the motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10101112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T10:36:26Z","timestamp":1695551786000},"page":"1112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Evidence of the Cerebral Oxygenation and Network Characteristics of Upper Limb Fatigue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5128-5323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2015.01.011","article-title":"Physical and cognitive consequences of fatigue: A review","volume":"6","author":"Abdelazeim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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