{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T16:55:23Z","timestamp":1791046523661,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Synthetic silicone larynx models are essential for understanding the biomechanics of physiological and pathological vocal fold vibrations. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of artificial ligament fibers on vocal fold vibrations in a synthetic larynx model, which is capable of replicating physiological laryngeal functions such as elongation, abduction, and adduction. A multi-layer silicone model with different mechanical properties for the musculus vocalis and the lamina propria consisting of ligament and mucosa was used. Ligament fibers of various diameters and break resistances were cast into the vocal folds and tested at different tension levels. An electromechanical setup was developed to mimic laryngeal physiology. The measurements included high-speed video recordings of vocal fold vibrations, subglottal pressure and acoustic. For the evaluation of the vibration characteristics, all measured values were evaluated and compared with parameters from ex and in vivo studies. The fundamental frequency of the synthetic larynx model was found to be approximately 200\u2013520 Hz depending on integrated fiber types and tension levels. This range of the fundamental frequency corresponds to the reproduction of a female normal and singing voice range. The investigated voice parameters from vocal fold vibration, acoustics, and subglottal pressure were within normal value ranges from ex and in vivo studies. The integration of ligament fibers leads to an increase in the fundamental frequency with increasing airflow, while the tensioning of the ligament fibers remains constant. In addition, a tension increase in the fibers also generates a rise in the fundamental frequency delivering the physiological expectation of the dynamic behavior of vocal folds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10101130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T03:04:18Z","timestamp":1695783858000},"page":"1130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effect of Ligament Fibers on Dynamics of Synthetic, Self-Oscillating Vocal Folds in a Biomimetic Larynx Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Bogac","family":"Tur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"G\u00fchring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5443-4889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaf","family":"Wendler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4304-1027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Schlicht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dietmar","family":"Drummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4902-0534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Kniesburges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"425","article-title":"Results of experiments with human larynxes","volume":"21","author":"Tan","year":"1959","journal-title":"Pract. 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