{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T13:45:14Z","timestamp":1762609514863,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) of the Ministry of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2017M3A9E2056460","NRF-2022R1A2C2004793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017M3A9E2056460","NRF-2022R1A2C2004793"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to investigate the efficacy of electrical stimulation by comparing network-mediated RGC responses in normal and degenerate retinas using a N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced non-human primate (NHPs) retinitis pigmentosa (RP) model. Adult cynomolgus monkeys were used for normal and outer retinal degeneration (RD) induced by MNU. The network-mediated RGC responses were recorded from the peripheral retina mounted on an 8 \u00d7 8 multielectrode array (MEA). The amplitude and duration of biphasic current pulses were modulated from 1 to 50 \u03bcA and 500 to 4000 \u03bcs, respectively. The threshold charge density for eliciting a network-mediated RGC response was higher in the RD monkeys than in the normal monkeys (1.47 \u00b1 0.13 mC\/cm2 vs. 1.06 \u00b1 0.09 mC\/cm2, p &lt; 0.05) at a 500 \u03bcs pulse duration. The monkeys required a higher charge density than rodents among the RD models (monkeys; 1.47 \u00b1 0.13 mC\/cm2, mouse; 1.04 \u00b1 0.09 mC\/cm2, and rat; 1.16 \u00b1 0.16 mC\/cm2, p &lt; 0.01). Increasing the pulse amplitude and pulse duration elicited more RGC spikes in the normal primate retinas. However, only pulse amplitude variation elicited more RGC spikes in degenerate primate retinas. Therefore, the pulse strategy for primate RD retinas should be optimized, eventually contributing to retinal prosthetics. Given that RD NHP RGCs are not sensitive to pulse duration, using shorter pulses may potentially be a more charge-effective approach for retinal prosthetics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10101135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T01:42:12Z","timestamp":1695865332000},"page":"1135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Variation of Electrical Pulse Duration Elicits Reliable Network-Mediated Responses of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Normal, Not in Degenerate Primate Retinas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0859-2368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seongkwang","family":"Cha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jungryul","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seong-Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Horang-I Eye Center, Seoul 07999, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0107-3151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwang-Eon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongseok","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7749-2398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heejong","family":"Eom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donggwan","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7197-9795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong Sook","family":"Goo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69740-7","article-title":"Retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"368","author":"Hartong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14282","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4968-08.2008","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cells survive and maintain normal dendritic morphology in a mouse model of inherited photoreceptor degeneration","volume":"28","author":"Mazzoni","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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