{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T17:00:11Z","timestamp":1779296411536,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Cancer Institute New South Wales","award":["CINSW 2020\/2081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CINSW 2020\/2081"]}]},{"name":"the Lang Walker Family Foundation","award":["CINSW 2020\/2081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CINSW 2020\/2081"]}]},{"name":"the Arto Hardy Family","award":["CINSW 2020\/2081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CINSW 2020\/2081"]}]},{"name":"Surfebruary","award":["CINSW 2020\/2081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CINSW 2020\/2081"]}]},{"name":"the Australia and New Zealand Head and Neck Cancer Society","award":["CINSW 2020\/2081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CINSW 2020\/2081"]}]},{"name":"the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons","award":["CINSW 2020\/2081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CINSW 2020\/2081"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council and Government of Australia","award":["CINSW 2020\/2081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CINSW 2020\/2081"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autologous bone replacement remains the preferred treatment for segmental defects of the mandible; however, it cannot replicate complex facial geometry and causes donor site morbidity. Bone tissue engineering has the potential to overcome these limitations. Various commercially available calcium phosphate-based bone substitutes (Novabone\u00ae, BioOss\u00ae, and Zengro\u00ae) are commonly used in dentistry for small bone defects around teeth and implants. However, their role in ectopic bone formation, which can later be applied as vascularized graft in a bone defect, is yet to be explored. Here, we compare the above-mentioned bone substitutes with autologous bone with the aim of selecting one for future studies of segmental mandibular repair. Six female sheep, aged 7\u20138 years, were implanted with 40 mm long four-chambered polyether ether ketone (PEEK) bioreactors prepared using additive manufacturing followed by plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) to improve hydrophilicity and bioactivity. Each bioreactor was wrapped with vascularized scapular periosteum and the chambers were filled with autologous bone graft, Novabone\u00ae, BioOss\u00ae, and Zengro\u00ae, respectively. The bioreactors were implanted within a subscapular muscle pocket for either 8 weeks (two sheep), 10 weeks (two sheep), or 12 weeks (two sheep), after which they were removed and assessed by microCT and routine histology. Moderate bone formation was observed in autologous bone grafts, while low bone formation was observed in the BioOss\u00ae and Zengro\u00ae chambers. No bone formation was observed in the Novabone\u00ae chambers. Although the BioOss\u00ae and Zengro\u00ae chambers contained relatively small amounts of bone, endochondral ossification and retained hydroxyapatite suggest their potential in new bone formation in an ectopic site if a consistent supply of progenitor cells and\/or growth factors can be ensured over a longer duration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10101233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T12:59:01Z","timestamp":1697893141000},"page":"1233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Comparison of In Vivo Bone Tissue Generation Using Calcium Phosphate Bone Substitutes in a Novel 3D Printed Four-Chamber Periosteal Bioreactor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8573-4035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Al Maruf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6435-4375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Prince Alfred Institute of Academic Surgery, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6914-3910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4077-445X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Microscopy & Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9740-5968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Innes","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Services, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1691-6294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Will","family":"Lewin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arto Hardy Family Biomedical Innovation Hub, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Sarcoma and Surgical Research Centre, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6393-9531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catriona","family":"Froggatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Wykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krishnan","family":"Parthasarathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4529-0526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Leinkram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Royal Prince Alfred Institute of Academic Surgery, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dale","family":"Howes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4515-7370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalka","family":"Suchowerska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arto Hardy Family Biomedical Innovation Hub, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"School of Physics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruta","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6415-1639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy","family":"Crook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arto Hardy Family Biomedical Innovation Hub, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Sarcoma and Surgical Research Centre, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, The University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1209-772X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Royal Prince Alfred Institute of Academic Surgery, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"725","article-title":"Current and Future Perspectives on Biomaterials for Segmental Mandibular Defect Repair","volume":"72","author":"Parthasarathi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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