{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T18:23:58Z","timestamp":1771698238353,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan","award":["NSTC 112-2221-E-305-001-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2221-E-305-001-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan","award":["USTP-NTPU-NTOU-112-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USTP-NTPU-NTOU-112-01"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan","award":["2023-NTPU-ORD-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-NTPU-ORD-01"]}]},{"name":"University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["NSTC 112-2221-E-305-001-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2221-E-305-001-MY3"]}]},{"name":"University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["USTP-NTPU-NTOU-112-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USTP-NTPU-NTOU-112-01"]}]},{"name":"University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["2023-NTPU-ORD-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-NTPU-ORD-01"]}]},{"name":"National Taipei University","award":["NSTC 112-2221-E-305-001-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2221-E-305-001-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Taipei University","award":["USTP-NTPU-NTOU-112-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USTP-NTPU-NTOU-112-01"]}]},{"name":"National Taipei University","award":["2023-NTPU-ORD-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-NTPU-ORD-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: We aim to study the association between spasticity and active range of motion (ROM) during four repetitive functional tasks such as cone stacking (CS), fast flexion\u2013extension (FFE), fast ball squeezing (FBS), and slow ball squeezing (SBS), and predicted spasticity models. Methods: An experimental study with control and stroke groups was conducted in a Medical Center. A total of sixty-four participants, including healthy control (n = 22; average age (years) = 54.68 \u00b1 9.63; male\/female = 12\/10) and chronic stroke survivors (n = 42; average age = 56.83 \u00b1 11.74; male\/female = 32\/10) were recruited. We employed a previously developed smart glove device mounted with multiple inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors on the upper limbs of healthy and chronic stroke individuals. The recorded ROMs were used to predict subjective spasticity through generalized estimating equations (GEE) for the affected side. Results: The models have significant (p \u2264 0.05 *) prediction of spasticity for the elbow, thumb, index, middle, ring, and little fingers. Overall, during SBS and FFE activities, the maximum number of upper limb joints attained the greater average ROMs. For large joints, the elbow during CS and the wrist during FFE have the highest average ROMs, but smaller joints and the wrist have covered the highest average ROMs during FFE, FBS, and SBS activities. Conclusions: Thus, it is concluded that CS can be used for spasticity assessment of the elbow, FFE for the wrist, and SBS, FFE, and FBS activities for the thumb and finger joints in chronic stroke survivors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10111273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T07:24:04Z","timestamp":1698823444000},"page":"1273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prediction of Spasticity through Upper Limb Active Range of Motion in Stroke Survivors: A Generalized Estimating Equation Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3681-6453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Adeel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Master Program in Smart Healthcare Management, International College of Sustainability Innovations, National Taipei University, New Taipei City 237303, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Wei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Gerontology and Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3722-8194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I-Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taipei University, New Taipei City 237303, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0498-3190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bor-Shing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University, New Taipei City 237303, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31825f13a3","article-title":"Spasticity after stroke: An overview of prevalence, test instruments, and treatments","volume":"91","author":"Sommerfeld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. 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