{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T02:20:32Z","timestamp":1782872432821,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Sailing Program","award":["22YF1430800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YF1430800"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Sailing Program","award":["62001122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001122"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22YF1430800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YF1430800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62001122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Prosthetic rehabilitation is essential for upper limb amputees to regain their ability to work. However, the abandonment rate of prosthetics is higher than 50% due to the high cost of rehabilitation. Virtual technology shows potential for improving the availability and cost-effectiveness of prosthetic rehabilitation. This article systematically reviews the application of virtual technology for the prosthetic rehabilitation of upper limb amputees. (2) Methods: We followed PRISMA review guidance, STROBE, and CASP to evaluate the included articles. Finally, 17 articles were screened from 22,609 articles. (3) Results: This study reviews the possible benefits of using virtual technology from four aspects: usability, flexibility, psychological affinity, and long-term affordability. Three significant challenges are also discussed: realism, closed-loop control, and multi-modality integration. (4) Conclusions: Virtual technology allows for flexible and configurable control rehabilitation, both during hospital admissions and after discharge, at a relatively low cost. The technology shows promise in addressing the critical barrier of current prosthetic training issues, potentially improving the practical availability of prosthesis techniques for upper limb amputees.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10111301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T08:08:58Z","timestamp":1699517338000},"page":"1301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Review on the Usability, Flexibility, Affinity, and Affordability of Virtual Technology for Rehabilitation Training of Upper Limb Amputees"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication and Art Design, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication and Art Design, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6497-9965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Design, Hanyang University, Ansan 15586, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumin","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication and Art Design, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyun","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijotn.2020.100773","article-title":"Upper Limb Amputation; Care Needs for Reintegration to Life: An Integrative Review","volume":"38","author":"Shahsavari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Orthop. Trauma Nurs."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00209","article-title":"Literature Review on Needs of Upper Limb Prosthesis Users","volume":"10","author":"Cordella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364611407108","article-title":"Environmental Barriers, Activity Limitations and Participation Restrictions Experienced by People with Major Limb Amputation","volume":"35","author":"Gallagher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.01.015","article-title":"Systematic Review of Measures of Impairment and Activity Limitation for Persons with Upper Limb Trauma and Amputation","volume":"98","author":"Resnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2011.35.6.907","article-title":"A Survey on Activities of Daily Living and Occupations of Upper Extremity Amputees","volume":"35","author":"Jang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Bouwsema, H. (2014). Learning to Handle a Myoelectric Upper-Limb Prosthesis: The Development of an Evidence-Based Guideline for Training, [H. Bouwsema], University of Groningen."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2020.1866684","article-title":"Current Rates of Prosthetic Usage in Upper-Limb Amputees-Have Innovations Had an Impact on Device Acceptance?","volume":"44","author":"Salminger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1080\/17483100701714733","article-title":"Consumer Design Priorities for Upper Limb Prosthetics","volume":"2","author":"Biddiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-1998-11305","article-title":"Virtual Reality Applications to Work","volume":"11","author":"Weiss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23710","DOI":"10.2196\/23710","article-title":"Perception of Game-Based Rehabilitation in Upper Limb Prosthetic Training: Survey of Users and Researchers","volume":"9","author":"Garske","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winslow, B.D., Ruble, M., and Huber, Z. (2018). Mobile, Game-Based Training for Myoelectric Prosthesis Control. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2018.00094"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prahm, C., Kayali, F., Vujaklija, I., Sturma, A., and Aszmann, O. (2017, January 19\u201322). Increasing Motivation, Effort and Performance through Game-Based Rehabilitation for Upper Limb Myoelectric Prosthesis Control. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Virtual Rehabilitation (ICVR), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICVR.2017.8007517"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163705","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2163705","article-title":"Upbeat: Augmented Reality-Guided Dancing for Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Upper Limb Amputees","volume":"2019","author":"Melero","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.02.010","article-title":"Cost Analyses of Prosthetic Devices: A Systematic Review","volume":"102","author":"Donnelley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijotn.2013.08.018","article-title":"Lived Experience of Persons with an Amputation of the Upper Limb","volume":"18","author":"Ligthelm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Orthop. Trauma Nurs."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0361-3","article-title":"Evaluation of EMG Pattern Recognition for Upper Limb Prosthesis Control: A Case Study in Comparison with Direct Myoelectric Control","volume":"15","author":"Resnik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2012.2196711","article-title":"Control of Upper Limb Prostheses: Terminology and Proportional Myoelectric Control\u2014A Review","volume":"20","author":"Fougner","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2015.2502424","article-title":"Task-Oriented Gaming for Transfer to Prosthesis Use","volume":"24","author":"Bongers","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.06.025","article-title":"Learning to Control Opening and Closing a Myoelectric Hand","volume":"91","author":"Bouwsema","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radhakrishnan, M., Smailagic, A., French, B., Siewiorek, D.P., and Balan, R.K. (2019, January 11\u201315). Design and Assessment of Myoelectric Games for Prosthesis Training of Upper Limb Amputees. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops), Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2019.8730824"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364612437905","article-title":"Motivations and Barriers to Prosthesis Users Participation in Physical Activity, Exercise and Sport: A Review of the Literature","volume":"36","author":"Deans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79581-8","article-title":"Clinical Evaluation of the Revolutionizing Prosthetics Modular Prosthetic Limb System for Upper Extremity Amputees","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2013.09.006","article-title":"Development of Virtual Reality Proprioceptive Rehabilitation System for Stroke Patients","volume":"113","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2017.60.11.337","article-title":"The Opportunities of Virtual Reality in the Rehabilitation of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Literature Review","volume":"60","author":"Bashiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02120","article-title":"Virtual Reality as a Vehicle to Empower Motor-Cognitive Neurorehabilitation","volume":"9","author":"Serino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2018.2882465","article-title":"Electrotactile Feedback in a Virtual Hand Rehabilitation Platform: Evaluation and Implementation","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Automat. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100311","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2022.3140973","article-title":"Classification Performance and Feature Space Characteristics in Individuals With Upper Limb Loss Using Sonomyography","volume":"10","author":"Engdahl","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2022.3141308","article-title":"Analysis of Neural Network Based Proportional Myoelectric Hand Prosthesis Control","volume":"69","author":"Wand","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2014.03.010","article-title":"A Training Platform for Many-Dimensional Prosthetic Devices Using a Virtual Reality Environment","volume":"244","author":"Putrino","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2022.3179327","article-title":"Extended Reality \u201cX-Reality\u201d for Prosthesis Training of Upper-Limb Amputees: A Review on Current and Future Clinical Potential","volume":"30","author":"Gaballa","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x","article-title":"The Integrative Review: Updated Methodology","volume":"52","author":"Whittemore","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liberati, A., Altman, D.G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., G\u00f8tzsche, P.C., Ioannidis, J.P.A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P.J., Kleijnen, J., and Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0663-8","article-title":"Evaluations of the Uptake and Impact of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement and Extensions: A Scoping Review","volume":"6","author":"Page","year":"2017","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.07.013","article-title":"Citation Impact Was Highly Variable for Reporting Guidelines of Health Research: A Citation Analysis","volume":"127","author":"Caulley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_543_18","article-title":"The STROBE Guidelines","volume":"13","author":"Cuschieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Brice, R., and Casp Checklists (2023, August 08). CASP-Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Available online: https:\/\/casp-uk.net\/how-to-use-checklist\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2010.08.0149","article-title":"Target Achievement Control Test: Evaluating Real-Time Myoelectric Pattern-Recognition Control of Multifunctional Upper-Limb Prostheses","volume":"48","author":"Simon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1162\/PRES_a_00091","article-title":"Development of a Physics-Based Target Shooting Game to Train Amputee Users of Multijoint Upper Limb Prostheses","volume":"21","author":"Davoodi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virt. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2185494","article-title":"Evaluation of a Noninvasive Command Scheme for Upper-Limb Prostheses in a Virtual Reality Reach and Grasp Task","volume":"60","author":"Kaliki","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0b013e31827af7c1","article-title":"A Training Strategy for Learning Pattern Recognition Control for Myoelectric Prostheses","volume":"25","author":"Powell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Orthot."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2013.2274599","article-title":"Real-Time Control of an Interactive Impulsive Virtual Prosthesis","volume":"22","author":"Bunderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2015.06.010","article-title":"Feasibility of Using Combined EMG and Kinematic Signals for Prosthesis Control: A Simulation Study Using a Virtual Reality Environment","volume":"29","author":"Blana","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2017.06.010","article-title":"Computer-Aided Training Sensorimotor Cortex Functions in Humans before the Upper Limb Transplantation Using Virtual Reality and Sensory Feedback","volume":"87","author":"Kurzynski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17017","DOI":"10.2196\/17017","article-title":"Video Game-Based Rehabilitation Approach for Individuals Who Have Undergone Upper Limb Amputation: Case-Control Study","volume":"9","author":"Hashim","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.09.027","article-title":"PlayBionic: Game-Based Interventions to Encourage Patient Engagement and Performance in Prosthetic Motor Rehabilitation","volume":"10","author":"Prahm","year":"2018","journal-title":"PMR"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00785","article-title":"Virtual Integration Environment as an Advanced Prosthetic Limb Training Platform","volume":"9","author":"Perry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0402-y","article-title":"Control within a Virtual Environment Is Correlated to Functional Outcomes When Using a Physical Prosthesis","volume":"15","author":"Hargrove","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2908817","article-title":"Virtual Reality Provides an Effective Platform for Functional Evaluations of Closed-Loop Neuromyoelectric Control","volume":"27","author":"Kluger","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00743-w","article-title":"Virtual Reality-Based Action Observation Facilitates the Acquisition of Body-Powered Prosthetic Control Skills","volume":"17","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1019","article-title":"Evaluating the Ability of Congenital Upper Extremity Amputees to Control a Multi-Degree of Freedom Myoelectric Prosthesis","volume":"47","author":"Kaluf","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103494","article-title":"Hand Dominance in the Performance and Perceptions of Virtual Reach Control","volume":"223","author":"Nataraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s12193-022-00400-7","article-title":"Virtual Reality Can Mediate the Learning Phase of Upper Limb Prostheses Supporting a Better-Informed Selection Process","volume":"17","author":"Raghibi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Multimodal User Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RP87317","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.87317","article-title":"Intuitive Movement-Based Prosthesis Control Enables Arm Amputees to Reach Naturally in Virtual Reality","volume":"12","author":"Segas","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01136-5","article-title":"Limb Loading Enhances Skill Transfer between Augmented and Physical Reality Tasks during Limb Loss Rehabilitation","volume":"20","author":"Hunt","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. NeuroEng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0449-9","article-title":"Trends in Robot-Assisted and Virtual Reality-Assisted Neuromuscular Therapy: A Systematic Review of Health-Related Multiplayer Games","volume":"15","author":"Baur","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. NeuroEng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000017","article-title":"Video Games and Rehabilitation: Using Design Principles to Enhance Engagement in Physical Therapy","volume":"37","author":"Lohse","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-3991(91)90060-I","article-title":"Patient Compliance with Exercise: Different Theoretical Approaches to Short-Term and Long-Term Compliance","volume":"17","author":"Sluijs","year":"1991","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De La Rosa, R., Alonso, A., De La Rosa, S., and Abasolo, D. Myo-Pong: A Neuromuscular Game for the UVa-Neuromuscular Training System Platform. Proceedings of the 2008 Virtual Rehabilitation.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICVR.2008.4625124"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2017.0054","article-title":"Electromyography Biofeedback Exergames to Enhance Grip Strength and Motivation","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"Games Health J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1515\/ijdhd-2014-0327","article-title":"Augmented Reality Improves Myoelectric Prosthesis Training","volume":"13","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Disabil. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, F., Lu, J., and Zhang, T. (2016). Virtual Reality Enhanced Robotic Systems for Disability Rehabilitation, IGI Global. Advances in Medical Technologies and Clinical Practice.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-9740-9"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oppenheim, H., Armiger, R.S., and Vogelstein, R.J. (June, January 30). WiiEMG: A Real-Time Environment for Control of the Wii with Surface Electromyography. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2010.5537390"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hargrove, L., Losier, Y., Lock, B., Englehart, K., and Hudgins, B. (2007, January 22\u201326). A Real-Time Pattern Recognition Based Myoelectric Control Usability Study Implemented in a Virtual Environment. Proceedings of the 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4353424"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.116","article-title":"Targeted Muscle Reinnervation for Real-Time Myoelectric Control of Multifunction Artificial Arms","volume":"301","author":"Kuiken","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"480","article-title":"Social, Ethical and Legal Barriers to e-Health","volume":"76","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-018-0742-2","article-title":"Determining Value in Health Technology Assessment: Stay the Course or Tack Away?","volume":"37","author":"Caro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-007-9101-4","article-title":"Measuring Return to Work","volume":"17","author":"Wasiak","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Occup. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.2196\/games.3401","article-title":"Therapists\u2019 Perceptions of Social Media and Video Game Technologies in Upper Limb Rehabilitation","volume":"10","author":"Tatla","year":"2015","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1310\/tsr18s01-676","article-title":"Cost Associated with Stroke: Outpatient Rehabilitative Services and Medication","volume":"18","author":"Godwin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.10.019","article-title":"Effectiveness, Usability, and Cost-Benefit of a Virtual Reality\u2013Based Telerehabilitation Program for Balance Recovery after Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"96","author":"Colomer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franz\u00f2, M., Pica, A., Pascucci, S., Marinozzi, F., and Bini, F. (2023). Hybrid System Mixed Reality and Marker-Less Motion Tracking for Sports Rehabilitation of Martial Arts Athletes. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13042587"}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/10\/11\/1301\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:20:29Z","timestamp":1760131229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/10\/11\/1301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering10111301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering10111301","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]}}}