{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:51:41Z","timestamp":1787061101852,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Robot Orthodontic Measurement and Simulation System (ROSS) is a novel biomechanical, dynamic, self-regulating setup for the simulation of tooth movement. The intrusion of the front teeth with forces greater than 0.5 N poses a risk for orthodontic-induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR). The aim was to investigate forces and moments during simulated tooth intrusion using ROSS. Five specimens of sixteen unmodified NiTi archwires and seven NiTi archwires with intrusion steps from different manufacturers (Forestadent, Ormco, Dentsply Sirona) with a 0.012\u2033\/0.014\u2033\/0.016\u2033 wire dimension were tested. Overall, a higher wire dimension correlated with greater intrusive forces Fz (0.012\u2033: 0.561\u20130.690 N; 0.014\u2033: 0.996\u20131.321 N; 0.016\u2033: 1.44\u20132.254 N) and protruding moments Mx (0.012\u2033: \u22122.65 to \u22123.922 Nmm; 0.014\u2033: \u22124.753 to \u22127.384 Nmm; 0.016\u2033: \u22125.556 to \u221211.466 Nmm) during the simulated intrusion of a 1.6 mm-extruded upper incisor. However, the \u2018intrusion efficiency\u2019 parameter was greater for smaller wire dimensions. Modification with intrusion steps led to an overcompensation of the intrusion distance; however, it led to a severe increase in Fz and Mx, e.g., the Sentalloy 0.016\u2033 medium (Dentsply Sirona) exerted 2.891 N and \u221219.437 Nmm. To reduce the risk for OIIRR, 0.014\u2033 NiTi archwires can be applied for initial aligning (without vertical challenges), and intrusion steps for the vertical levelling of extruded teeth should be bent in the initial archwire, i.e., 0.012\u2033 NiTi.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10121356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T03:32:03Z","timestamp":1701055923000},"page":"1356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Investigation of Forces and Moments during Orthodontic Tooth Intrusion Using Robot Orthodontic Measurement and Simulation System (ROSS)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3449-2520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinna L.","family":"Seidel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Lipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6996-398X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedikt","family":"Dotzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mila","family":"Janjic Rankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Mertmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8489-167X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Wichelhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9535-6901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisham","family":"Sabbagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wichelhaus, A. 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