{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T20:57:39Z","timestamp":1789073859714,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]],"date-time":"2023-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lymphedema is a progressive chronic condition affecting approximately 250 million people worldwide, a number that is currently underestimated. In Western countries, the most common form of lymphedema of the extremities is cancer-related and less radical surgical intervention is the main option to prevent it. Standardized protocols in the areas of diagnosis, staging and treatment are strongly required to address this issue. The aim of this study is to review the main diagnostic methods, comparing new emerging procedures to lymphoscintigraphy, considered as the golden standard to date. The roles of Magnetic Resonance Lymphangiography (MRL) or indocyanine green ICG lymphography are particularly reviewed in order to evaluate diagnostic accuracy, potential associations with lymphoscintigraphy, and future directions guided by AI protocols. The use of imaging to treat lymphedema has benefited from new techniques in the area of lymphatic vessels anatomy; these perspectives have become of value in many clinical scenarios to prevent cancer-related lymphedema.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10121407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T03:25:31Z","timestamp":1702265131000},"page":"1407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Role of Imaging of Lymphatic System to Prevent Cancer Related Lymphedema"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0474-7163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Cuccurullo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine, Universit\u00e0 della Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Rapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine, Universit\u00e0 della Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0275-2226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Catalfamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0874-8294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Gatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine, Universit\u00e0 della Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4507-3505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graziella","family":"Di Grezia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, ASL Avellino, 83100 Avellino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0332-2606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe Lucio","family":"Cascini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5213","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.16.3725","article-title":"Prevalence of lymphedema in women with breast cancer 5 years after sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary dissection: Objective measurements","volume":"26","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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