{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:01:49Z","timestamp":1790341309924,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Higher Education Sprout Project of the Ministry of Education of Taiwan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is a commonly used technique for treating lumbar degenerative diseases. In this study, we developed a fully computer-supported pipeline to predict both the cage height and the degree of lumbar lordosis subtraction from the pelvic incidence (PI-LL) after TLIF surgery, utilizing preoperative X-ray images. The automated pipeline comprised two primary stages. First, the pretrained BiLuNet deep learning model was employed to extract essential features from X-ray images. Subsequently, five machine learning algorithms were trained using a five-fold cross-validation technique on a dataset of 311 patients to identify the optimal models to predict interbody cage height and postoperative PI-LL. LASSO regression and support vector regression demonstrated superior performance in predicting interbody cage height and postoperative PI-LL, respectively. For cage height prediction, the root mean square error (RMSE) was calculated as 1.01, and the model achieved the highest accuracy at a height of 12 mm, with exact prediction achieved in 54.43% (43\/79) of cases. In most of the remaining cases, the prediction error of the model was within 1 mm. Additionally, the model demonstrated satisfactory performance in predicting PI-LL, with an RMSE of 5.19 and an accuracy of 0.81 for PI-LL stratification. In conclusion, our results indicate that machine learning models can reliably predict interbody cage height and postoperative PI-LL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11020164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T03:36:17Z","timestamp":1707363377000},"page":"164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Development of End-to-End Artificial Intelligence Models for Surgical Planning in Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8297-9536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anh Tuan","family":"Bui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7855-2778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hieu","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Communication Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tung Thanh","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giam Minh","family":"Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma-Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach Medical University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hospital for Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3749-234X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao-Chiang","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Data Science and Information Computing, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3516-3120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei-I","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31057, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan-Jen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31057, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin Li-Chun","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center of Translational Imaging, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4986-0661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E-Wen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2641-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Chi","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colleges of Engineering and Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Yu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po-Yao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsung-Jen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1606-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng-Huang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"TMU Biodesign Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.4.SPINE14276","article-title":"Guideline update for the performance of fusion procedures for degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. 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