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It is often treated with repeated courses of antibiotics, which contributes to antimicrobial resistance. Studying biofilms is key to understanding this disease. In vitro modelling using 3D bioprinted hydrogels is a promising approach to achieve this. A novel gelatin-PEGDA pseudomonas fluorescens-laden bioink was developed and bioprinted in a 3D hydrogel construct fabricated using computer-aided design to mimic the tonsillar biofilm environment. The bioprinted constructs were cultured at 37 \u00b0C in lysogeny broth for 12 days. Bacterial growth was assessed by spectrophotometry. Cellular viability analysis was conducted using optical fluorescence microscopy (FDA\/PI staining). A biocompatible 3D-printed bacteria-laden hydrogel construct was successfully fabricated. Bacterial growth was observed using optical fluorescence microscopy. A live\/dead cellular-staining protocol demonstrated bacterial viability. Results obtained after the 12-day culture period showed higher bacterial growth in the 1% gelatin concentration construct compared to the 0% control. This study demonstrates the first use of a bacteria-laden gelatin-PEGDA hydrogel for biofabrication of a 3D-printed construct designed to model acute recurrent tonsillitis. Initiating a study with clinically relevant ex vivo tonsil bacteria will be an important next step in improving treatment of this impactful but understudied disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11030202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T08:43:48Z","timestamp":1708505028000},"page":"202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Understanding the Role of Biofilms in Acute Recurrent Tonsillitis through 3D Bioprinting of a Novel Gelatin-PEGDA Hydrogel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1314-8904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Denton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/ENT Surgery, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Beattie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00e9a","family":"Jack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preston","family":"McGoldrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara","family":"Mullan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catriona M.","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/ENT Surgery, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"},{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1220-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenmiao","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12850","article-title":"The effect of tonsillectomy on the morbidity from recurrent tonsillitis","volume":"42","author":"Douglas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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