{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:56:34Z","timestamp":1760144194103,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Voicing: requires frequent starts and stops at various sound pressure levels (SPL) and frequencies. Prior investigations using rigid laryngoscopy with oral endoscopy have shown variations in the duration of the vibration delay between normal and abnormal subjects. However, these studies were not physiological because the larynx was viewed using rigid endoscopes. We adapted a method to perform to perform simultaneous high-speed naso-endoscopic video while simultaneously acquiring the sound pressure, fundamental frequency, airflow rate, and subglottic pressure. This study aimed to investigate voice onset patterns in normophonic males and females during the onset of variable SPL and correlate them with acoustic and aerodynamic data. Materials and Methods: Three healthy males and three healthy females were studied by simultaneous high-speed video laryngoscopy and recording with the production of the gesture [pa:pa:] at soft, medium, and loud voices. The fiber optic endoscope was threaded through a pneumotachograph mask for the simultaneous recording and analysis of acoustic and aerodynamic data. Results: The average increase in the sound pressure level (SPL) for the group was 15 dB, from 70 to 85 dB. The fundamental frequency increased by an average of 10 Hz. The flow was increased in two subjects, reduced in two subjects, and remained the same in two subjects as the SPL increased. There was a steady increase in the subglottic pressure from soft to loud phonation. Compared to soft to medium phonation, a significant increase in glottal resistance was observed with medium-to-loud phonation. Videokymogram analysis showed the onset of vibration for all voiced tokens without the need for full glottis closure. In loud phonation, there is a more rapid onset of a larger amplitude and prolonged closure of the glottal cycle; however, more cycles are required to achieve the intended SPL. There was a prolonged closed phase during loud phonation. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of the kymography waveform signal showed a more significant second- and third-harmonic energy above the fundamental frequency with loud phonation. There was an increase in the adjustments in the pharynx with the base of the tongue tilting, shortening of the vocal folds, and pharyngeal constriction. Conclusion: Voice onset occurs in all modalities, without the need for full glottal closure. There was a more significant increase in glottal resistance with loud phonation than that with soft or middle phonation. Vibration analysis of the voice onset showed that more time was required during loud phonation before the oscillation stabilized to a steady state. With increasing SPL, there were significant variations in vocal tract adjustments. The most apparent change was the increase in tongue tension with posterior displacement of the epiglottis. There was an increase in pre-phonation time during loud phonation. Patterns of muscle tension dysphonia with laryngeal squeezing, shortening of the vocal folds, and epiglottis tilting with increasing loudness are features of loud phonation. These observations show that flexible high-speed video laryngoscopy can reveal observations that cannot be observed with rigid video laryngoscopy. An objective analysis of the digital kymography signal can be conducted in selected cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11040334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T11:11:09Z","timestamp":1712229069000},"page":"334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Simultaneous High-Speed Video Laryngoscopy and Acoustic Aerodynamic Recordings during Vocal Onset of Variable Sound Pressure Level: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0144-5178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peak","family":"Woo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, 300 Central Park West 1-H, New York, NY 10024, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"331","article-title":"Die Synchron-stroboskopie von menschlichen Stimmlippen bzw. \u00e4hnlichen Schallquellen und Messung der \u00f6ffungszeit. [Synchronous stroboscopy of the vocal cords in man and analogous sources of sound and the duration of opening]","volume":"35","author":"Timcke","year":"1956","journal-title":"Z. Laryngol. Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nharl, E. (1960). Die Stroboskopie in der Praktischen Laryngologie, Georg Thieme."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Woo, P. (2010). Stroboscopy, Plural Publishing."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.2702.165","article-title":"Ultra high speed photography in laryngeal physiology","volume":"27","author":"Moore","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. 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