{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:27:36Z","timestamp":1792499256637,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep learning, has made enormous strides in medical imaging analysis. In the field of musculoskeletal radiology, deep-learning models are actively being developed for the identification and evaluation of bone fractures. These methods provide numerous benefits to radiologists such as increased diagnostic accuracy and efficiency while also achieving standalone performances comparable or superior to clinician readers. Various algorithms are already commercially available for integration into clinical workflows, with the potential to improve healthcare delivery and shape the future practice of radiology. In this systematic review, we explore the performance of current AI methods in the identification and evaluation of fractures, particularly those in the ankle, wrist, hip, and ribs. We also discuss current commercially available products for fracture detection and provide an overview of the current limitations of this technology and future directions of the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11040338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:39:37Z","timestamp":1711892377000},"page":"338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Identification and Evaluation of Bone Fractures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Tieu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezriel","family":"Kroen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonaton","family":"Kadish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6968-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zelong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1750-5884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikhil","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1292-2765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alara","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Horace Mann School, Bronx, NY 10471, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Horace Mann School, Bronx, NY 10471, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Deyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East River Medical Imaging, New York, NY 10021, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e580","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(21)00172-0","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Bone Fractures in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990\u20132019: A Systematic Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1419-7","article-title":"Medical Costs of Osteoporosis in the Elderly Medicare Population","volume":"22","author":"Blume","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos. 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