{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T17:14:12Z","timestamp":1769102052829,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Access Publication Fund of Bielefeld University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Existing applications of non-invasive brain stimulation in the modulation of balance ability are focused on the primary motor cortex (M1). It is conceivable that other brain and spinal cord areas may be comparable or more promising targets in this regard. This study compares transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over (i) the M1, (ii) the cerebellum, and (iii) trans-spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) in the modulation of balance ability. Methods: Forty-two sports students were randomized in this placebo-controlled study. Twenty minutes of anodal 1.5 mA t\/tsDCS over (i) the M1, (ii) the cerebellum, and (iii) the spinal cord, as well as (iv) sham tDCS were applied to each subject. The Y Balance Test, Single Leg Landing Test, and Single Leg Squat Test were performed prior to and after each intervention. Results: The Y Balance Test showed significant improvement after real stimulation of each region compared to sham stimulation. While tsDCS supported the balance ability of both legs, M1 and cerebellar tDCS supported right leg stand only. No significant differences were found in the Single Leg Landing Test and the Single Leg Squat Test. Conclusions: Our data encourage the application of DCS over the cerebellum and spinal cord (in addition to the M1 region) in supporting balance control. Future research should investigate and compare the effects of different stimulation protocols (anodal or cathodal direct current stimulation (DCS), alternating current stimulation (ACS), high-definition DCS\/ACS, closed-loop ACS) over these regions in healthy people and examine the potential of these approaches in the neurorehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11040353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T10:42:03Z","timestamp":1712227323000},"page":"353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Direct Current Stimulation over the Primary Motor Cortex, Cerebellum, and Spinal Cord to Modulate Balance Performance: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jitka","family":"Veldema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5735-1727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teni","family":"Steingr\u00e4ber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"von Gr\u00f6nheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Wienecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Health, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rieke","family":"Regel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Schack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Sch\u00fctz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"527","author":"Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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